DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY

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samer) extending from 100,000 km to as much as 850,000 km from the center of the planet. They are comparable to Saturn’s, but much less prominent. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Jupiter Jupiter has 16 known satellites, the four large Galilean moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, all discovered by Galileo in 1610, and 12 small ones. 263
K Kaiser–Stebbins effect (1984) Anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background generated by cosmic strings present after the time of the decoupling of the cosmic radiation. For a string moving transversely to the line of sight, light rays passing on opposite sides of the string will suffer different Doppler shifts. The result is then the existence of step-like blackbody effective temperatureT discontinuities, with relative magnitude change on different sides of the string given by δT/T = 8πGUγsˆn· vs ×ˆs where γs is the relativistic Lorentz factor, vs is the string velocity with respect to the observer, ˆs is the string segment orientation and ˆn points in the direction of the line of sight. G is Newton’s constant, units are chosen so that ¯h=c= 1 and U is the (effective) mass per unit length of the (wiggly) cosmic string. See cosmic string, cosmic topological defect, deficit angle (cosmic string). katabatic wind A wind that is created by air flowing downhill; wind flowing down slope at night as the valley floor cools. Examples of drainage winds are the Mistral in France and the Santa Ana in California. Another example is winds from the Greenland plateau where a pool of cold dense air forms and if forced off the plateau seaward accelerates downslope. K corona The K (or kontinuerlich) corona is generated by the scattering of photospheric radiation from coronal electrons. The high speeds of the scattering electrons smear out the Fraunhofer lines except the H- and K-lines. The K corona dominates below ∼ 2R⊙ where its intensity ranges from 10 −6 to 10 −8 of the diskcenter intensity. The K corona is polarized by the electron scattering with the electric vector parallel to the limb. Kelvin temperature scale k-correction A necessary correction in observing redshifted objects. Since the visual or blue magnitudes in such sources correspond to absolute luminosities at higher frequencies than is the case for nearer sources, the k-correction for this effect depends on modeling the spectrum of the source. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Also called “shear instability”. An instability of an unbounded parallel shear flow to the growth of waves with phase speed in the flow direction approximately equal to the speed of the inflection point of the shear. The instability occurs due to a resonant coupling between wave-like disturbances on either flank of the shear flow where the gradient of the shear is non-zero. Kelvin material Also called a Kelvin solid. A viscoelastic material that, in response to a suddenly imposed constant loading, deforms as an incompressible, linearly viscous fluid over a short time but as a linearly elastic solid over a long time. The stress for the Kelvin material is the combination of the elastic stress according to Hooke’s law and the viscous stress according to the Newtonian flow law. The relation between the volumetric strain θ = εii and pressure p = σii/3 is elastic: p = Kθ, where K is the bulk modulus. The constitutive relation for the deviatoric strain ε ′ ij = εij − θδij /3 and deviatoric stress σ ′ ij = σij − pδij is σ ′ ij = 2Gε′ ij + 2µ∂ε′ ij ∂t where G is shear modulus, and µ is viscosity. Quantity τK = µ/G is called the Kelvin relaxation time, a time roughly defining the transition from predominantly viscous to predominantly elastic behavior after a suddenly imposed constant loading. Kelvin temperature scale Absolute temperature scale. At 0 K all thermal motion of matter would be at a standstill; thus, in the Kelvin scale no negative temperatures can exist. 0 K correpsonds to −273.15 ◦ C; therefore, absolute temperatures T in the Kelvin scale are related to temperatures θ in centigrades by T = θ + 273.15 K. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC c○ 2001 by CRC Press LLC 265
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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC DICTIONARY
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a Volume in the Comprehensive Dicti
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PREFACE This work is the result of
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Curtis Mobley Sequoia Scientific, I
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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC Editorial
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A-boundary A-boundary (or atlas bou
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accretion, Eddington presenceispart
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active front active front An active
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ADM mass is the extrinsic curvature
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afternoon cloud (Mars) are the syno
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albedo because the horizontal dimen
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Allan Hills meteorite Allan Hills m
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anabatic wind layers of the star, t
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anomalistic year anomalistic year S
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anticyclonic anticyclonic Any rotat
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archaeoastronomy A coronal arcade i
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ascending node of functions), f(−
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astronomical refraction such as mou
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atmosphere effect mass of the atmos
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aurora australis Earth’s magnetic
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axial dipole principle an order of
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Ballerina model tosphere through lu
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asalt In 1967 Sakharov identified t
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eam spread function erates auroral
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Beta Lyrae systems Beaufort Wind Sc
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Big Bang cosmology universe must ha
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inary star system time (see light-c
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lack hole black hole A region of sp
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BL Lacertae object shift z = 0.07,
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oson boson An elementary particle o
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Brazil current A generalization of
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Brunt frequency companions to somew
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utterfly diagram a very recent epoc
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Callisto ing probability is as high
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carbonaceous chondrite the object w
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Cartesian coordinates 5.4 5.2 5.0 4
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cataclysmic variable [binary models
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Celsius, Anders tions from the Eart
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Čerenkov radiation γ -rays in pur
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charge exchange an ordinary differe
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circulation density against polar a
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coastally trapped waves coastally t
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color excess color excess A measure
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comet, artificial in 2003, rendezvo
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computational relativity defined by
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conservation of angular momentum Bu
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continental plate types of continen
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conversion efficiency Temperature (
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core collapse the Earth has a core
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Coriolis Coriolis A term used to re
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coronal lines Except possibly for t
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cosmic microwave background, dipole
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cosmic nucleosynthesis temperature
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cosmochemistry of space surrounded
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cosmology does not apply at small (
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crater depth-diameter plots with a
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critical level they are recorded fr
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Curie (Ci) Curie (Ci) The special u
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curve of growth classical) field th
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cyclongenesis air masses along fron
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dark matter, cold study of clusters
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decibel universe and . indicates th
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de Hoffman-Teller frame de Hoffman-
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detritus detritus The particulate d
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differential heating/cooling differ
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diffusion creep wind speed. The ter
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dike results. Because the particle
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Dione at the new minima, so that th
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dispersion dispersion A phenomenon
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diurnal motion the non-periodic var
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Doppler broadening Doppler broadeni
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dragging phenomenon skin friction.
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ductile behavior variables of space
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dynamic recrystallization dynamic r
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earthquake intensity tude represent
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echelle spectrograph a central mass
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effective pressure independent theo
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Einstein Universe where Rab is the
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Electra Electra Magnitude 3.8 type
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elevation particles have been inter
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emissivity cence of aromatic hydroc
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energy particles are accelerated at
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environmental lapse rate environmen
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equatorial bulge tor being driven u
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equilibrium vapor pressure equilibr
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Eulerian Represents Newton’s 2nd
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exact solution The path of a star i
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extreme ultraviolet (EUV) extreme u
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fall speed (velocity) can be lofted
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F corona F corona The Fraunhofer, o
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figure of the Earth See cosmic topo
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first-order wave theory the fields
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flat universe flat universe A model
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focal mechanisms rays arriving para
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force balance force balance A term
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Fraunhofer lines where M is the mas
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friction velocity friction velocity
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F star where E and B are the electr
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G gabbro A coarse-grained igneous r
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Galilei (1564-1642). See Galilean t
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not become optically thin until muc
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gas. It is either a constant volume
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equator. While geodetic latitude is
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the Earth. These interactions can g
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that extend from the sun to Earth a
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Pleistocene, about 2 million years
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the difference between the number o
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temperature is ∼ 10 K everything
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of Einstein’s general relativity
Page 219 and 220: picture in the weak-field limit in
Page 221 and 222: Time (UT1) on January 1, 1972. In t
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Page 225 and 226: Hα condensation Hα condensation T
Page 227 and 228: harmonic model harmonic model The r
Page 229 and 230: Helios mission mination shock, and
Page 231 and 232: helium burning strated to be 4 He.
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Page 235 and 236: horse latitudes from the loci of th
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Page 239 and 240: hydraulic-fracturing method hydraul
Page 241 and 242: hydromagnetic wave netized cosmic p
Page 243 and 244: hysteresis (θ), tension head (ψ),
Page 245 and 246: igneous rocks rocks are classified
Page 247 and 248: inclination inclination In geophysi
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Page 251 and 252: initial condition time. Different r
Page 253 and 254: interconnection field interconnecti
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Page 257 and 258: intertropical convergence zone (ITC
Page 259 and 260: ionosonde Each sporadic E layer can
Page 261 and 262: ionospheric regions subsequently re
Page 263 and 264: iron Kα line iron Kα line A spect
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Page 267 and 268: Jerlov water type one because of gr
Page 269: Julian year Gregorian Date (midnigh
Page 273 and 274: ing the gravitational field outside
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Page 277 and 278: L lagoon A shallow, sheltered bay t
Page 279 and 280: Langacker-Pi mechanism In cosmology
Page 281 and 282: the last scattering surface. See qu
Page 283 and 284: Law-of-the-Wall Scaling Relations L
Page 285 and 286: light bridge Observed in white ligh
Page 287 and 288: linear wave theory Also referred to
Page 289 and 290: and downcoast areas. Sediment is tr
Page 291 and 292: longshore sediment transport Transp
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Page 299 and 300: M M51 Object 51 in the Messier list
Page 301 and 302: or more km where the magma resides
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Page 305 and 306: field, the force due to the magneti
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Page 313 and 314: For instance, in a model higher der
Page 315 and 316: interval, divided by that interval:
Page 317 and 318: median diameter, median grain size
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or in components, gαβ;γ = 0 , wh
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length range, normally associated w
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mirage Appearance of the image of s
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perature characteristics are found
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stratification are slight and turbu
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ock debris carried on or within a g
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N Nabarro-Herring creep When materi
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Nasmyth spectrum F(k/k η) 10 6 10
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esponding chromospheric network def
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(NASA) initiative to test and prove
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node A point of zero displacement.
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modes. Normal modes are excited by
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special relativity, such a vector h
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oblique-slip fault low elevation an
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One-form, 1-form attached to the fl
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orbital elements higher than the OW
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OVV quasar OVV quasar Optically vio
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P packageeffect Inoceanographyandot
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would exert alone, i.e., if all the
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the psychrometric constant, KE is a
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period The amount of time for some
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the object to be viewed, as with th
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pheophytin A phytoplankton pigment
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The Planck length is the approximat
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these faint, fuzzy objects. At firs
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types across (now separated) contin
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plus the arc stretching across it
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displacement of air and water masse
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and fluid flow obeys Darcy’s law.
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eter) andζ is the vertical compone
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precipitation Any form of liquid or
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albedo of 0.064, and orbits Neptune
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Q Q “Quality”; a measure of att
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static equilibrium, air parcels hav
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R R 136 See 30 Doradus. Raadu-Kuper
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tive element is called the parent e
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Recently radon buildup in buildings
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where r is the distance from the ce
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General vectors can be written as a
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state of saturation, i.e., the rati
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plasma, for a wave of angular frequ
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γmnp, this equation is definitiona
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the position of the turning point,
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to (1), the ratio of accelerations
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evolved, the more massive component
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saturation Satellite ephemeris, r A
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scattering albedo perpendicular sho
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seafloor spreading curs at a rate o
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sedimentary sedimentary Referring t
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seismometer the body’s interior c
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sferic galactic nuclei, distinct fr
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shock spike The shock speed then ca
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silicon burning spacetime describes
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sky sky The apparent dome over the
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Snell’s law gases differ from tho
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solar eclipse solar eclipse The blo
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solar P-angle tors Mikheyev, Smirno
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solar year mic rays into the outer
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space-like infinity space-like infi
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specific storage (Ss) volume, e.g.,
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spectroradiometer diation and limit
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spiral galaxy more evolved stars. (
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spring tion and produces fluctuatio
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stable equilibrium stable equilibri
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star spots observable Stark effect,
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stiff fluid stiff fluid A fluid in
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strain Plateau and the Rockies, and
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St. Venant Equations St. Venant Equ
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sudden stratospheric warming the io
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super cloud cluster called supercel
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supernovae, 1991bg pergiant stars.
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supernovae, fallback In practice, t
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supernovae, Type Ib/Ic in the peak
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supersonic Typical supernovae light
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symmetry posite walls of the cube,
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T tachyon A hypothetical subatomic
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Tethys system. Calypso orbits at th
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TT+LG·(JD−2443144.5)·86400 sec,
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thermal conductivity The property o
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turbulence is not two-dimensional,
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tidal period The time between two p
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a precession of 2.0 ◦ yr −1 , a
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ular to the direction of the force.
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to the atmosphere, via absorption o
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orbit around the sun, are stable po
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correlated to the number of old dis
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only the fastest (speeds exceeding
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unified soil classification schemes
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V V471 Tauri stars Binary systems i
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variable star A star that changes i
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A drop with increasing distance, as
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in declination. Virgo (Latin for vi
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Located near Socorro, NM at 34 ◦
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volume scattering function (VSF) Th
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wash load the magnetopause are disp
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Weber- Davis Model physical instabi
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Wheeler- DeWitt equation The Weyl t
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Wien distribution law Wien distribu
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winter anomaly Scale Wind Condition
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X xenoliths Rocks carried to the su
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Y yardangs Streamlined elongated hi
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Z Zeeman effect The splitting of sp
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