DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY

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Shoichi Yoshioka Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Stephen Zatman University of California Berkeley, California
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC Editorial Advisor Stan Gibilisco
Page 1 and 2: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC DICTIONARY
Page 3 and 4: a Volume in the Comprehensive Dicti
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE This work is the result of
Page 7: Curtis Mobley Sequoia Scientific, I
Page 11 and 12: A-boundary A-boundary (or atlas bou
Page 13 and 14: accretion, Eddington presenceispart
Page 15 and 16: active front active front An active
Page 17 and 18: ADM mass is the extrinsic curvature
Page 19 and 20: afternoon cloud (Mars) are the syno
Page 21 and 22: albedo because the horizontal dimen
Page 23 and 24: Allan Hills meteorite Allan Hills m
Page 25 and 26: anabatic wind layers of the star, t
Page 27 and 28: anomalistic year anomalistic year S
Page 29 and 30: anticyclonic anticyclonic Any rotat
Page 31 and 32: archaeoastronomy A coronal arcade i
Page 33 and 34: ascending node of functions), f(−
Page 35 and 36: astronomical refraction such as mou
Page 37 and 38: atmosphere effect mass of the atmos
Page 39 and 40: aurora australis Earth’s magnetic
Page 41 and 42: axial dipole principle an order of
Page 43 and 44: Ballerina model tosphere through lu
Page 45 and 46: asalt In 1967 Sakharov identified t
Page 47 and 48: eam spread function erates auroral
Page 49 and 50: Beta Lyrae systems Beaufort Wind Sc
Page 51 and 52: Big Bang cosmology universe must ha
Page 53 and 54: inary star system time (see light-c
Page 55 and 56: lack hole black hole A region of sp
Page 57 and 58: BL Lacertae object shift z = 0.07,
Page 59 and 60:
oson boson An elementary particle o
Page 61 and 62:
Brazil current A generalization of
Page 63 and 64:
Brunt frequency companions to somew
Page 65 and 66:
utterfly diagram a very recent epoc
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Callisto ing probability is as high
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carbonaceous chondrite the object w
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Cartesian coordinates 5.4 5.2 5.0 4
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cataclysmic variable [binary models
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Celsius, Anders tions from the Eart
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Čerenkov radiation γ -rays in pur
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charge exchange an ordinary differe
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circulation density against polar a
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coastally trapped waves coastally t
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color excess color excess A measure
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comet, artificial in 2003, rendezvo
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computational relativity defined by
Page 91 and 92:
conservation of angular momentum Bu
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continental plate types of continen
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conversion efficiency Temperature (
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core collapse the Earth has a core
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Coriolis Coriolis A term used to re
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coronal lines Except possibly for t
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cosmic microwave background, dipole
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cosmic nucleosynthesis temperature
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cosmochemistry of space surrounded
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cosmology does not apply at small (
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crater depth-diameter plots with a
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critical level they are recorded fr
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Curie (Ci) Curie (Ci) The special u
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curve of growth classical) field th
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cyclongenesis air masses along fron
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dark matter, cold study of clusters
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decibel universe and . indicates th
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de Hoffman-Teller frame de Hoffman-
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detritus detritus The particulate d
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differential heating/cooling differ
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diffusion creep wind speed. The ter
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dike results. Because the particle
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Dione at the new minima, so that th
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dispersion dispersion A phenomenon
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diurnal motion the non-periodic var
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Doppler broadening Doppler broadeni
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dragging phenomenon skin friction.
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ductile behavior variables of space
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dynamic recrystallization dynamic r
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earthquake intensity tude represent
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echelle spectrograph a central mass
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effective pressure independent theo
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Einstein Universe where Rab is the
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Electra Electra Magnitude 3.8 type
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elevation particles have been inter
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emissivity cence of aromatic hydroc
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energy particles are accelerated at
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environmental lapse rate environmen
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equatorial bulge tor being driven u
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equilibrium vapor pressure equilibr
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Eulerian Represents Newton’s 2nd
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exact solution The path of a star i
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extreme ultraviolet (EUV) extreme u
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fall speed (velocity) can be lofted
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F corona F corona The Fraunhofer, o
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figure of the Earth See cosmic topo
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first-order wave theory the fields
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flat universe flat universe A model
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focal mechanisms rays arriving para
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force balance force balance A term
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Fraunhofer lines where M is the mas
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friction velocity friction velocity
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F star where E and B are the electr
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G gabbro A coarse-grained igneous r
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Galilei (1564-1642). See Galilean t
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not become optically thin until muc
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gas. It is either a constant volume
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equator. While geodetic latitude is
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the Earth. These interactions can g
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that extend from the sun to Earth a
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Pleistocene, about 2 million years
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the difference between the number o
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temperature is ∼ 10 K everything
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of Einstein’s general relativity
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picture in the weak-field limit in
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Time (UT1) on January 1, 1972. In t
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tra would show a dip at frequencies
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Hα condensation Hα condensation T
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harmonic model harmonic model The r
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Helios mission mination shock, and
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helium burning strated to be 4 He.
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HI region sure and temperature char
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horse latitudes from the loci of th
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Hubble radius Press 1982; Mon. Not.
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hydraulic-fracturing method hydraul
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hydromagnetic wave netized cosmic p
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hysteresis (θ), tension head (ψ),
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igneous rocks rocks are classified
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inclination inclination In geophysi
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inferior conjunction the figure) in
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initial condition time. Different r
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interconnection field interconnecti
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interplanetary dust particles (IDPs
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intertropical convergence zone (ITC
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ionosonde Each sporadic E layer can
Page 261 and 262:
ionospheric regions subsequently re
Page 263 and 264:
iron Kα line iron Kα line A spect
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isotope delta value (δ) element is
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Jerlov water type one because of gr
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Julian year Gregorian Date (midnigh
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K Kaiser-Stebbins effect (1984) Ani
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ing the gravitational field outside
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observed. However, these correction
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L lagoon A shallow, sheltered bay t
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Langacker-Pi mechanism In cosmology
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the last scattering surface. See qu
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Law-of-the-Wall Scaling Relations L
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light bridge Observed in white ligh
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linear wave theory Also referred to
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and downcoast areas. Sediment is tr
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longshore sediment transport Transp
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deforming forces. If a potential Vn
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defined at moderate (3 Å) resoluti
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Prospector then dropped to an altit
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M M51 Object 51 in the Messier list
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or more km where the magma resides
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oring magnetic field lines to repul
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field, the force due to the magneti
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mencement (SC) in the geomagnetic f
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and the constant κ is equal to 1 m
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California, Berkeley Space Sciences
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For instance, in a model higher der
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interval, divided by that interval:
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median diameter, median grain size
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helium (for which the early tracers
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or in components, gαβ;γ = 0 , wh
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length range, normally associated w
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mirage Appearance of the image of s
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perature characteristics are found
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stratification are slight and turbu
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ock debris carried on or within a g
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N Nabarro-Herring creep When materi
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Nasmyth spectrum F(k/k η) 10 6 10
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esponding chromospheric network def
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(NASA) initiative to test and prove
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node A point of zero displacement.
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modes. Normal modes are excited by
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special relativity, such a vector h
Page 347 and 348:
oblique-slip fault low elevation an
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One-form, 1-form attached to the fl
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orbital elements higher than the OW
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OVV quasar OVV quasar Optically vio
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P packageeffect Inoceanographyandot
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would exert alone, i.e., if all the
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the psychrometric constant, KE is a
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period The amount of time for some
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the object to be viewed, as with th
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pheophytin A phytoplankton pigment
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The Planck length is the approximat
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these faint, fuzzy objects. At firs
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types across (now separated) contin
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plus the arc stretching across it
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displacement of air and water masse
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and fluid flow obeys Darcy’s law.
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eter) andζ is the vertical compone
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precipitation Any form of liquid or
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albedo of 0.064, and orbits Neptune
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Q Q “Quality”; a measure of att
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static equilibrium, air parcels hav
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R R 136 See 30 Doradus. Raadu-Kuper
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tive element is called the parent e
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Recently radon buildup in buildings
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where r is the distance from the ce
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General vectors can be written as a
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state of saturation, i.e., the rati
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plasma, for a wave of angular frequ
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γmnp, this equation is definitiona
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the position of the turning point,
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to (1), the ratio of accelerations
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evolved, the more massive component
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saturation Satellite ephemeris, r A
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scattering albedo perpendicular sho
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seafloor spreading curs at a rate o
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sedimentary sedimentary Referring t
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seismometer the body’s interior c
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sferic galactic nuclei, distinct fr
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shock spike The shock speed then ca
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silicon burning spacetime describes
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sky sky The apparent dome over the
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Snell’s law gases differ from tho
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solar eclipse solar eclipse The blo
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solar P-angle tors Mikheyev, Smirno
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solar year mic rays into the outer
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space-like infinity space-like infi
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specific storage (Ss) volume, e.g.,
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spectroradiometer diation and limit
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spiral galaxy more evolved stars. (
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spring tion and produces fluctuatio
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stable equilibrium stable equilibri
Page 449 and 450:
star spots observable Stark effect,
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stiff fluid stiff fluid A fluid in
Page 453 and 454:
strain Plateau and the Rockies, and
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St. Venant Equations St. Venant Equ
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sudden stratospheric warming the io
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super cloud cluster called supercel
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supernovae, 1991bg pergiant stars.
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supernovae, fallback In practice, t
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supernovae, Type Ib/Ic in the peak
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supersonic Typical supernovae light
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symmetry posite walls of the cube,
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T tachyon A hypothetical subatomic
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Tethys system. Calypso orbits at th
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TT+LG·(JD−2443144.5)·86400 sec,
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thermal conductivity The property o
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turbulence is not two-dimensional,
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tidal period The time between two p
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a precession of 2.0 ◦ yr −1 , a
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ular to the direction of the force.
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to the atmosphere, via absorption o
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orbit around the sun, are stable po
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correlated to the number of old dis
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only the fastest (speeds exceeding
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unified soil classification schemes
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V V471 Tauri stars Binary systems i
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variable star A star that changes i
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A drop with increasing distance, as
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in declination. Virgo (Latin for vi
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Located near Socorro, NM at 34 ◦
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volume scattering function (VSF) Th
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wash load the magnetopause are disp
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Weber- Davis Model physical instabi
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Wheeler- DeWitt equation The Weyl t
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Wien distribution law Wien distribu
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winter anomaly Scale Wind Condition
Page 519 and 520:
X xenoliths Rocks carried to the su
Page 521 and 522:
Y yardangs Streamlined elongated hi
Page 523 and 524:
Z Zeeman effect The splitting of sp
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