DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC Comprehensive Dictionary of Physics Dipak Basu Editor-in-Chief PUBLISHED VOLUMES Dictionary of Pure and Applied Physics Dipak Basu Dictionary of Material Science and High Energy Physics Dipak Basu Dictionary of Geophysics, Astrophysics, and Astronomy Richard A. Matzner
a Volume in the Comprehensive Dictionary of PHYSICS DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Edited by Richard A. Matzner CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Page 1: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC DICTIONARY
Page 5 and 6: PREFACE This work is the result of
Page 7 and 8: Curtis Mobley Sequoia Scientific, I
Page 9 and 10: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Editorial
Page 11 and 12: A-boundary A-boundary (or atlas bou
Page 13 and 14: accretion, Eddington presenceispart
Page 15 and 16: active front active front An active
Page 17 and 18: ADM mass is the extrinsic curvature
Page 19 and 20: afternoon cloud (Mars) are the syno
Page 21 and 22: albedo because the horizontal dimen
Page 23 and 24: Allan Hills meteorite Allan Hills m
Page 25 and 26: anabatic wind layers of the star, t
Page 27 and 28: anomalistic year anomalistic year S
Page 29 and 30: anticyclonic anticyclonic Any rotat
Page 31 and 32: archaeoastronomy A coronal arcade i
Page 33 and 34: ascending node of functions), f(−
Page 35 and 36: astronomical refraction such as mou
Page 37 and 38: atmosphere effect mass of the atmos
Page 39 and 40: aurora australis Earth’s magnetic
Page 41 and 42: axial dipole principle an order of
Page 43 and 44: Ballerina model tosphere through lu
Page 45 and 46: asalt In 1967 Sakharov identified t
Page 47 and 48: eam spread function erates auroral
Page 49 and 50: Beta Lyrae systems Beaufort Wind Sc
Page 51 and 52: Big Bang cosmology universe must ha
Page 53 and 54:
inary star system time (see light-c
Page 55 and 56:
lack hole black hole A region of sp
Page 57 and 58:
BL Lacertae object shift z = 0.07,
Page 59 and 60:
oson boson An elementary particle o
Page 61 and 62:
Brazil current A generalization of
Page 63 and 64:
Brunt frequency companions to somew
Page 65 and 66:
utterfly diagram a very recent epoc
Page 67 and 68:
Callisto ing probability is as high
Page 69 and 70:
carbonaceous chondrite the object w
Page 71 and 72:
Cartesian coordinates 5.4 5.2 5.0 4
Page 73 and 74:
cataclysmic variable [binary models
Page 75 and 76:
Celsius, Anders tions from the Eart
Page 77 and 78:
Čerenkov radiation γ -rays in pur
Page 79 and 80:
charge exchange an ordinary differe
Page 81 and 82:
circulation density against polar a
Page 83 and 84:
coastally trapped waves coastally t
Page 85 and 86:
color excess color excess A measure
Page 87 and 88:
comet, artificial in 2003, rendezvo
Page 89 and 90:
computational relativity defined by
Page 91 and 92:
conservation of angular momentum Bu
Page 93 and 94:
continental plate types of continen
Page 95 and 96:
conversion efficiency Temperature (
Page 97 and 98:
core collapse the Earth has a core
Page 99 and 100:
Coriolis Coriolis A term used to re
Page 101 and 102:
coronal lines Except possibly for t
Page 103 and 104:
cosmic microwave background, dipole
Page 105 and 106:
cosmic nucleosynthesis temperature
Page 107 and 108:
cosmochemistry of space surrounded
Page 109 and 110:
cosmology does not apply at small (
Page 111 and 112:
crater depth-diameter plots with a
Page 113 and 114:
critical level they are recorded fr
Page 115 and 116:
Curie (Ci) Curie (Ci) The special u
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curve of growth classical) field th
Page 119 and 120:
cyclongenesis air masses along fron
Page 121 and 122:
dark matter, cold study of clusters
Page 123 and 124:
decibel universe and . indicates th
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de Hoffman-Teller frame de Hoffman-
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detritus detritus The particulate d
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differential heating/cooling differ
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diffusion creep wind speed. The ter
Page 133 and 134:
dike results. Because the particle
Page 135 and 136:
Dione at the new minima, so that th
Page 137 and 138:
dispersion dispersion A phenomenon
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diurnal motion the non-periodic var
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Doppler broadening Doppler broadeni
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dragging phenomenon skin friction.
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ductile behavior variables of space
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dynamic recrystallization dynamic r
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earthquake intensity tude represent
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echelle spectrograph a central mass
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effective pressure independent theo
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Einstein Universe where Rab is the
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Electra Electra Magnitude 3.8 type
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elevation particles have been inter
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emissivity cence of aromatic hydroc
Page 163 and 164:
energy particles are accelerated at
Page 165 and 166:
environmental lapse rate environmen
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equatorial bulge tor being driven u
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equilibrium vapor pressure equilibr
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Eulerian Represents Newton’s 2nd
Page 173 and 174:
exact solution The path of a star i
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extreme ultraviolet (EUV) extreme u
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fall speed (velocity) can be lofted
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F corona F corona The Fraunhofer, o
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figure of the Earth See cosmic topo
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first-order wave theory the fields
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flat universe flat universe A model
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focal mechanisms rays arriving para
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force balance force balance A term
Page 191 and 192:
Fraunhofer lines where M is the mas
Page 193 and 194:
friction velocity friction velocity
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F star where E and B are the electr
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G gabbro A coarse-grained igneous r
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Galilei (1564-1642). See Galilean t
Page 201 and 202:
not become optically thin until muc
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gas. It is either a constant volume
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equator. While geodetic latitude is
Page 207 and 208:
the Earth. These interactions can g
Page 209 and 210:
that extend from the sun to Earth a
Page 211 and 212:
Pleistocene, about 2 million years
Page 213 and 214:
the difference between the number o
Page 215 and 216:
temperature is ∼ 10 K everything
Page 217 and 218:
of Einstein’s general relativity
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picture in the weak-field limit in
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Time (UT1) on January 1, 1972. In t
Page 223 and 224:
tra would show a dip at frequencies
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Hα condensation Hα condensation T
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harmonic model harmonic model The r
Page 229 and 230:
Helios mission mination shock, and
Page 231 and 232:
helium burning strated to be 4 He.
Page 233 and 234:
HI region sure and temperature char
Page 235 and 236:
horse latitudes from the loci of th
Page 237 and 238:
Hubble radius Press 1982; Mon. Not.
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hydraulic-fracturing method hydraul
Page 241 and 242:
hydromagnetic wave netized cosmic p
Page 243 and 244:
hysteresis (θ), tension head (ψ),
Page 245 and 246:
igneous rocks rocks are classified
Page 247 and 248:
inclination inclination In geophysi
Page 249 and 250:
inferior conjunction the figure) in
Page 251 and 252:
initial condition time. Different r
Page 253 and 254:
interconnection field interconnecti
Page 255 and 256:
interplanetary dust particles (IDPs
Page 257 and 258:
intertropical convergence zone (ITC
Page 259 and 260:
ionosonde Each sporadic E layer can
Page 261 and 262:
ionospheric regions subsequently re
Page 263 and 264:
iron Kα line iron Kα line A spect
Page 265 and 266:
isotope delta value (δ) element is
Page 267 and 268:
Jerlov water type one because of gr
Page 269 and 270:
Julian year Gregorian Date (midnigh
Page 271 and 272:
K Kaiser-Stebbins effect (1984) Ani
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ing the gravitational field outside
Page 275 and 276:
observed. However, these correction
Page 277 and 278:
L lagoon A shallow, sheltered bay t
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Langacker-Pi mechanism In cosmology
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the last scattering surface. See qu
Page 283 and 284:
Law-of-the-Wall Scaling Relations L
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light bridge Observed in white ligh
Page 287 and 288:
linear wave theory Also referred to
Page 289 and 290:
and downcoast areas. Sediment is tr
Page 291 and 292:
longshore sediment transport Transp
Page 293 and 294:
deforming forces. If a potential Vn
Page 295 and 296:
defined at moderate (3 Å) resoluti
Page 297 and 298:
Prospector then dropped to an altit
Page 299 and 300:
M M51 Object 51 in the Messier list
Page 301 and 302:
or more km where the magma resides
Page 303 and 304:
oring magnetic field lines to repul
Page 305 and 306:
field, the force due to the magneti
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mencement (SC) in the geomagnetic f
Page 309 and 310:
and the constant κ is equal to 1 m
Page 311 and 312:
California, Berkeley Space Sciences
Page 313 and 314:
For instance, in a model higher der
Page 315 and 316:
interval, divided by that interval:
Page 317 and 318:
median diameter, median grain size
Page 319 and 320:
helium (for which the early tracers
Page 321 and 322:
or in components, gαβ;γ = 0 , wh
Page 323 and 324:
length range, normally associated w
Page 325 and 326:
mirage Appearance of the image of s
Page 327 and 328:
perature characteristics are found
Page 329 and 330:
stratification are slight and turbu
Page 331 and 332:
ock debris carried on or within a g
Page 333 and 334:
N Nabarro-Herring creep When materi
Page 335 and 336:
Nasmyth spectrum F(k/k η) 10 6 10
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esponding chromospheric network def
Page 339 and 340:
(NASA) initiative to test and prove
Page 341 and 342:
node A point of zero displacement.
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modes. Normal modes are excited by
Page 345 and 346:
special relativity, such a vector h
Page 347 and 348:
oblique-slip fault low elevation an
Page 349 and 350:
One-form, 1-form attached to the fl
Page 351 and 352:
orbital elements higher than the OW
Page 353 and 354:
OVV quasar OVV quasar Optically vio
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P packageeffect Inoceanographyandot
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would exert alone, i.e., if all the
Page 359 and 360:
the psychrometric constant, KE is a
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period The amount of time for some
Page 363 and 364:
the object to be viewed, as with th
Page 365 and 366:
pheophytin A phytoplankton pigment
Page 367 and 368:
The Planck length is the approximat
Page 369 and 370:
these faint, fuzzy objects. At firs
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types across (now separated) contin
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plus the arc stretching across it
Page 375 and 376:
displacement of air and water masse
Page 377 and 378:
and fluid flow obeys Darcy’s law.
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eter) andζ is the vertical compone
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precipitation Any form of liquid or
Page 383 and 384:
albedo of 0.064, and orbits Neptune
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Q Q “Quality”; a measure of att
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static equilibrium, air parcels hav
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R R 136 See 30 Doradus. Raadu-Kuper
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tive element is called the parent e
Page 393 and 394:
Recently radon buildup in buildings
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where r is the distance from the ce
Page 397 and 398:
General vectors can be written as a
Page 399 and 400:
state of saturation, i.e., the rati
Page 401 and 402:
plasma, for a wave of angular frequ
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γmnp, this equation is definitiona
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the position of the turning point,
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to (1), the ratio of accelerations
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evolved, the more massive component
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saturation Satellite ephemeris, r A
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scattering albedo perpendicular sho
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seafloor spreading curs at a rate o
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sedimentary sedimentary Referring t
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seismometer the body’s interior c
Page 421 and 422:
sferic galactic nuclei, distinct fr
Page 423 and 424:
shock spike The shock speed then ca
Page 425 and 426:
silicon burning spacetime describes
Page 427 and 428:
sky sky The apparent dome over the
Page 429 and 430:
Snell’s law gases differ from tho
Page 431 and 432:
solar eclipse solar eclipse The blo
Page 433 and 434:
solar P-angle tors Mikheyev, Smirno
Page 435 and 436:
solar year mic rays into the outer
Page 437 and 438:
space-like infinity space-like infi
Page 439 and 440:
specific storage (Ss) volume, e.g.,
Page 441 and 442:
spectroradiometer diation and limit
Page 443 and 444:
spiral galaxy more evolved stars. (
Page 445 and 446:
spring tion and produces fluctuatio
Page 447 and 448:
stable equilibrium stable equilibri
Page 449 and 450:
star spots observable Stark effect,
Page 451 and 452:
stiff fluid stiff fluid A fluid in
Page 453 and 454:
strain Plateau and the Rockies, and
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St. Venant Equations St. Venant Equ
Page 457 and 458:
sudden stratospheric warming the io
Page 459 and 460:
super cloud cluster called supercel
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supernovae, 1991bg pergiant stars.
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supernovae, fallback In practice, t
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supernovae, Type Ib/Ic in the peak
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supersonic Typical supernovae light
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symmetry posite walls of the cube,
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T tachyon A hypothetical subatomic
Page 473 and 474:
Tethys system. Calypso orbits at th
Page 475 and 476:
TT+LG·(JD−2443144.5)·86400 sec,
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thermal conductivity The property o
Page 479 and 480:
turbulence is not two-dimensional,
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tidal period The time between two p
Page 483 and 484:
a precession of 2.0 ◦ yr −1 , a
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ular to the direction of the force.
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to the atmosphere, via absorption o
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orbit around the sun, are stable po
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correlated to the number of old dis
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only the fastest (speeds exceeding
Page 495 and 496:
unified soil classification schemes
Page 497 and 498:
V V471 Tauri stars Binary systems i
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variable star A star that changes i
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A drop with increasing distance, as
Page 503 and 504:
in declination. Virgo (Latin for vi
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Located near Socorro, NM at 34 ◦
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volume scattering function (VSF) Th
Page 509 and 510:
wash load the magnetopause are disp
Page 511 and 512:
Weber- Davis Model physical instabi
Page 513 and 514:
Wheeler- DeWitt equation The Weyl t
Page 515 and 516:
Wien distribution law Wien distribu
Page 517 and 518:
winter anomaly Scale Wind Condition
Page 519 and 520:
X xenoliths Rocks carried to the su
Page 521 and 522:
Y yardangs Streamlined elongated hi
Page 523 and 524:
Z Zeeman effect The splitting of sp
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