DICTIONARY OF GEOPHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS, and ASTRONOMY

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Tokuhide Akabane Kyoto University Japan David Alexander Lockheed Martin Solar & Astrophysics Laboratory Palo Alto, California Suguru Araki Tohoku Fukushi University Sendai, Japan Fernando Atrio Barandela Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain Nadine Barlow University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Cecilia Barnbaum Valdosta State University Valdosta, Georgia David Batchelor NASA Greenbelt, Maryland Max Bernstein NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field Vin Bhatnagar York University North York, Ontario, Canada Lee Breakiron U.S. Naval Observatory Washington, D.C. Roberto Casadio Universita di Bologna Bologna, Italy Thomas I. Cline Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland © 2001 by CRC Press LLC CONTRIBUTORS Vladimir Escalante Instituto de Astronomia Morelia, Mexico Chris L. Fryer Los Alamos National Laboratories Los Alamos, New Mexico Alejandro Gangui Observatoire de Paris Meudon, France Higgins, Chuck NRC-NASA Greenbelt, Maryland May-Britt Kallenrode University of Luneburg Luneburg, Germany Jeff Knight United Kingdom Meteorological Berkshire, England Andrzej Krasinski Polish Academy of Sciences Bartycka, Warsaw, Poland Richard Link Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, Texas Paolo Marziani Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Padova, Italy Richard A. Matzner University of Texas Austin, Texas Norman McCormick University of Washington Seattle, Washington Nikolai Mitskievich Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Curtis Mobley Sequoia Scientific, Inc. Mercer Island, Washington Robert Nemiroff Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan Peter Noerdlinger Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Gourgen Oganessyan University of North Carolina Charlotte, North Carolina Joel Parker Boulder, Colorado Nicolas Pereyra Universidad de Los Andes Merida, Venezuela Zoltan Perjes KFKI Research Institute Budapest, Hungary Patrick Peter Institut d’ Astrophysique de Paris Paris, France Morris Podolak Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel Casadio Roberto Università di Bologna Bologna, Italy Eric Rubenstein Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Ilya Shapiro Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil © 2001 by CRC Press LLC T. Singh I.T., B.H.U. Varanasi, India David P. Stern Goddard Space Flight Houston, Texas Virginia Trimble University of California Irvine, California Donald L. Turcotte Cornell University Ithaca, New York Kelin Wang Geological Survey of Canada Sidney, Canada Zichao Wang University of Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada Phil Wilkinson IPS Haymarket, Australia Mark Williams University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Fabian Wolk European Commission Joint Research Institute Marine Environment Unit-TP 690 Ispra, Italy Paul Work Clemson University Clemson, South Carolina Alfred Wuest IOS Sidney, British Columbia, Canada Shang-Ping Xie Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan Huijun Yang University of South Florida St. Petersburg, Florida
Page 1 and 2: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC DICTIONARY
Page 3 and 4: a Volume in the Comprehensive Dicti
Page 5: PREFACE This work is the result of
Page 9 and 10: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Editorial
Page 11 and 12: A-boundary A-boundary (or atlas bou
Page 13 and 14: accretion, Eddington presenceispart
Page 15 and 16: active front active front An active
Page 17 and 18: ADM mass is the extrinsic curvature
Page 19 and 20: afternoon cloud (Mars) are the syno
Page 21 and 22: albedo because the horizontal dimen
Page 23 and 24: Allan Hills meteorite Allan Hills m
Page 25 and 26: anabatic wind layers of the star, t
Page 27 and 28: anomalistic year anomalistic year S
Page 29 and 30: anticyclonic anticyclonic Any rotat
Page 31 and 32: archaeoastronomy A coronal arcade i
Page 33 and 34: ascending node of functions), f(−
Page 35 and 36: astronomical refraction such as mou
Page 37 and 38: atmosphere effect mass of the atmos
Page 39 and 40: aurora australis Earth’s magnetic
Page 41 and 42: axial dipole principle an order of
Page 43 and 44: Ballerina model tosphere through lu
Page 45 and 46: asalt In 1967 Sakharov identified t
Page 47 and 48: eam spread function erates auroral
Page 49 and 50: Beta Lyrae systems Beaufort Wind Sc
Page 51 and 52: Big Bang cosmology universe must ha
Page 53 and 54: inary star system time (see light-c
Page 55 and 56: lack hole black hole A region of sp
Page 57 and 58:
BL Lacertae object shift z = 0.07,
Page 59 and 60:
oson boson An elementary particle o
Page 61 and 62:
Brazil current A generalization of
Page 63 and 64:
Brunt frequency companions to somew
Page 65 and 66:
utterfly diagram a very recent epoc
Page 67 and 68:
Callisto ing probability is as high
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carbonaceous chondrite the object w
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Cartesian coordinates 5.4 5.2 5.0 4
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cataclysmic variable [binary models
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Celsius, Anders tions from the Eart
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Čerenkov radiation γ -rays in pur
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charge exchange an ordinary differe
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circulation density against polar a
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coastally trapped waves coastally t
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color excess color excess A measure
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comet, artificial in 2003, rendezvo
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computational relativity defined by
Page 91 and 92:
conservation of angular momentum Bu
Page 93 and 94:
continental plate types of continen
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conversion efficiency Temperature (
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core collapse the Earth has a core
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Coriolis Coriolis A term used to re
Page 101 and 102:
coronal lines Except possibly for t
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cosmic microwave background, dipole
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cosmic nucleosynthesis temperature
Page 107 and 108:
cosmochemistry of space surrounded
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cosmology does not apply at small (
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crater depth-diameter plots with a
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critical level they are recorded fr
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Curie (Ci) Curie (Ci) The special u
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curve of growth classical) field th
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cyclongenesis air masses along fron
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dark matter, cold study of clusters
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decibel universe and . indicates th
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de Hoffman-Teller frame de Hoffman-
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detritus detritus The particulate d
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differential heating/cooling differ
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diffusion creep wind speed. The ter
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dike results. Because the particle
Page 135 and 136:
Dione at the new minima, so that th
Page 137 and 138:
dispersion dispersion A phenomenon
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diurnal motion the non-periodic var
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Doppler broadening Doppler broadeni
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dragging phenomenon skin friction.
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ductile behavior variables of space
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dynamic recrystallization dynamic r
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earthquake intensity tude represent
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echelle spectrograph a central mass
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effective pressure independent theo
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Einstein Universe where Rab is the
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Electra Electra Magnitude 3.8 type
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elevation particles have been inter
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emissivity cence of aromatic hydroc
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energy particles are accelerated at
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environmental lapse rate environmen
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equatorial bulge tor being driven u
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equilibrium vapor pressure equilibr
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Eulerian Represents Newton’s 2nd
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exact solution The path of a star i
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extreme ultraviolet (EUV) extreme u
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fall speed (velocity) can be lofted
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F corona F corona The Fraunhofer, o
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figure of the Earth See cosmic topo
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first-order wave theory the fields
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flat universe flat universe A model
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focal mechanisms rays arriving para
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force balance force balance A term
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Fraunhofer lines where M is the mas
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friction velocity friction velocity
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F star where E and B are the electr
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G gabbro A coarse-grained igneous r
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Galilei (1564-1642). See Galilean t
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not become optically thin until muc
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gas. It is either a constant volume
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equator. While geodetic latitude is
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the Earth. These interactions can g
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that extend from the sun to Earth a
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Pleistocene, about 2 million years
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the difference between the number o
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temperature is ∼ 10 K everything
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of Einstein’s general relativity
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picture in the weak-field limit in
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Time (UT1) on January 1, 1972. In t
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tra would show a dip at frequencies
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Hα condensation Hα condensation T
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harmonic model harmonic model The r
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Helios mission mination shock, and
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helium burning strated to be 4 He.
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HI region sure and temperature char
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horse latitudes from the loci of th
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Hubble radius Press 1982; Mon. Not.
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hydraulic-fracturing method hydraul
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hydromagnetic wave netized cosmic p
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hysteresis (θ), tension head (ψ),
Page 245 and 246:
igneous rocks rocks are classified
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inclination inclination In geophysi
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inferior conjunction the figure) in
Page 251 and 252:
initial condition time. Different r
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interconnection field interconnecti
Page 255 and 256:
interplanetary dust particles (IDPs
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intertropical convergence zone (ITC
Page 259 and 260:
ionosonde Each sporadic E layer can
Page 261 and 262:
ionospheric regions subsequently re
Page 263 and 264:
iron Kα line iron Kα line A spect
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isotope delta value (δ) element is
Page 267 and 268:
Jerlov water type one because of gr
Page 269 and 270:
Julian year Gregorian Date (midnigh
Page 271 and 272:
K Kaiser-Stebbins effect (1984) Ani
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ing the gravitational field outside
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observed. However, these correction
Page 277 and 278:
L lagoon A shallow, sheltered bay t
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Langacker-Pi mechanism In cosmology
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the last scattering surface. See qu
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Law-of-the-Wall Scaling Relations L
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light bridge Observed in white ligh
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linear wave theory Also referred to
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and downcoast areas. Sediment is tr
Page 291 and 292:
longshore sediment transport Transp
Page 293 and 294:
deforming forces. If a potential Vn
Page 295 and 296:
defined at moderate (3 Å) resoluti
Page 297 and 298:
Prospector then dropped to an altit
Page 299 and 300:
M M51 Object 51 in the Messier list
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or more km where the magma resides
Page 303 and 304:
oring magnetic field lines to repul
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field, the force due to the magneti
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mencement (SC) in the geomagnetic f
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and the constant κ is equal to 1 m
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California, Berkeley Space Sciences
Page 313 and 314:
For instance, in a model higher der
Page 315 and 316:
interval, divided by that interval:
Page 317 and 318:
median diameter, median grain size
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helium (for which the early tracers
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or in components, gαβ;γ = 0 , wh
Page 323 and 324:
length range, normally associated w
Page 325 and 326:
mirage Appearance of the image of s
Page 327 and 328:
perature characteristics are found
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stratification are slight and turbu
Page 331 and 332:
ock debris carried on or within a g
Page 333 and 334:
N Nabarro-Herring creep When materi
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Nasmyth spectrum F(k/k η) 10 6 10
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esponding chromospheric network def
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(NASA) initiative to test and prove
Page 341 and 342:
node A point of zero displacement.
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modes. Normal modes are excited by
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special relativity, such a vector h
Page 347 and 348:
oblique-slip fault low elevation an
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One-form, 1-form attached to the fl
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orbital elements higher than the OW
Page 353 and 354:
OVV quasar OVV quasar Optically vio
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P packageeffect Inoceanographyandot
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would exert alone, i.e., if all the
Page 359 and 360:
the psychrometric constant, KE is a
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period The amount of time for some
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the object to be viewed, as with th
Page 365 and 366:
pheophytin A phytoplankton pigment
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The Planck length is the approximat
Page 369 and 370:
these faint, fuzzy objects. At firs
Page 371 and 372:
types across (now separated) contin
Page 373 and 374:
plus the arc stretching across it
Page 375 and 376:
displacement of air and water masse
Page 377 and 378:
and fluid flow obeys Darcy’s law.
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eter) andζ is the vertical compone
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precipitation Any form of liquid or
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albedo of 0.064, and orbits Neptune
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Q Q “Quality”; a measure of att
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static equilibrium, air parcels hav
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R R 136 See 30 Doradus. Raadu-Kuper
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tive element is called the parent e
Page 393 and 394:
Recently radon buildup in buildings
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where r is the distance from the ce
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General vectors can be written as a
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state of saturation, i.e., the rati
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plasma, for a wave of angular frequ
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γmnp, this equation is definitiona
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the position of the turning point,
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to (1), the ratio of accelerations
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evolved, the more massive component
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saturation Satellite ephemeris, r A
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scattering albedo perpendicular sho
Page 415 and 416:
seafloor spreading curs at a rate o
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sedimentary sedimentary Referring t
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seismometer the body’s interior c
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sferic galactic nuclei, distinct fr
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shock spike The shock speed then ca
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silicon burning spacetime describes
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sky sky The apparent dome over the
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Snell’s law gases differ from tho
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solar eclipse solar eclipse The blo
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solar P-angle tors Mikheyev, Smirno
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solar year mic rays into the outer
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space-like infinity space-like infi
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specific storage (Ss) volume, e.g.,
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spectroradiometer diation and limit
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spiral galaxy more evolved stars. (
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spring tion and produces fluctuatio
Page 447 and 448:
stable equilibrium stable equilibri
Page 449 and 450:
star spots observable Stark effect,
Page 451 and 452:
stiff fluid stiff fluid A fluid in
Page 453 and 454:
strain Plateau and the Rockies, and
Page 455 and 456:
St. Venant Equations St. Venant Equ
Page 457 and 458:
sudden stratospheric warming the io
Page 459 and 460:
super cloud cluster called supercel
Page 461 and 462:
supernovae, 1991bg pergiant stars.
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supernovae, fallback In practice, t
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supernovae, Type Ib/Ic in the peak
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supersonic Typical supernovae light
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symmetry posite walls of the cube,
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T tachyon A hypothetical subatomic
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Tethys system. Calypso orbits at th
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TT+LG·(JD−2443144.5)·86400 sec,
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thermal conductivity The property o
Page 479 and 480:
turbulence is not two-dimensional,
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tidal period The time between two p
Page 483 and 484:
a precession of 2.0 ◦ yr −1 , a
Page 485 and 486:
ular to the direction of the force.
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to the atmosphere, via absorption o
Page 489 and 490:
orbit around the sun, are stable po
Page 491 and 492:
correlated to the number of old dis
Page 493 and 494:
only the fastest (speeds exceeding
Page 495 and 496:
unified soil classification schemes
Page 497 and 498:
V V471 Tauri stars Binary systems i
Page 499 and 500:
variable star A star that changes i
Page 501 and 502:
A drop with increasing distance, as
Page 503 and 504:
in declination. Virgo (Latin for vi
Page 505 and 506:
Located near Socorro, NM at 34 ◦
Page 507 and 508:
volume scattering function (VSF) Th
Page 509 and 510:
wash load the magnetopause are disp
Page 511 and 512:
Weber- Davis Model physical instabi
Page 513 and 514:
Wheeler- DeWitt equation The Weyl t
Page 515 and 516:
Wien distribution law Wien distribu
Page 517 and 518:
winter anomaly Scale Wind Condition
Page 519 and 520:
X xenoliths Rocks carried to the su
Page 521 and 522:
Y yardangs Streamlined elongated hi
Page 523 and 524:
Z Zeeman effect The splitting of sp
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