Ye Pleasant Mount: 1989 1990 Excavations - Open site which ...

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GLASS BEADS FROM MT. PLEASANT byMarvin T. Smith This report will describe and analyze 21 glass beads and bead fragments from Mt. Pleasant, a mid eighteenth century aboriginal site with resident Europeans. The report will discuss glass bead manufacturing techniques, describe the beads, and discuss the complete assemblage. Glass BeadManufacture Two major methods were used to manufacture the glass beads from the Mt. Pleasant Site. The majority ofthe beads were manufactured using the drawn cane technique, in which a large bubble ofglass is drawn outinto a long tube, or "cane," which is then cut into short sections for beads. These tubes could be further modified by grinding facets on the ends (faceted), tumbling them over heat with a polishing agent to produce a heat rounded, or "tumbled" bead, or left unmodified (untumbled). No faceted drawn cane beads were recovered from the site. The second major manufacturing technique is called the "mandrel wound," wire wound, or simply "wound" technique. Using this method, a thread ofmolton glass is wound around a rod or "mandrel" until a bead ofsuitable shape is formed. Wound beads can be further modified by molding, pressing facets in the glass while it is still plastic, or adding threads ofmolton glass to the surface to form flowers, leaves, vines, stripes, or dots. After beads are classified according to their manufacturing technique, they are further classified according to their structure. Simple beads are composed ofone layer ofglass, compound beads are composed oftwo or more layers ofglass, complex beads have applique or inset decorative elements, and composite beads are multilayer (compound) beads with applied decorative elements. Beads are next classified according to their colors. Since a standard color chart is not available to this author, color descriptions are general. Beads are categorized as transparent when the perforation is visible when the bead is held up to the light, translucent iflight penetrates the bead, and opaque ifit does not. Beads are further classified by general shape categories: spherical, sub-spherical, barrel shaped, olive shaped, torus ("donut") shaped, etc. More detailed descriptions of bead manufacturing can be found in Kidd (1979), Good (1972), Karklins (1985), and Sprague (1985). BEAD TYPE DESCRIPTIONS The various types ofglass beads from Mt. Pleasant site will be described by manufacturing technique. Under each subdivision, necklace beads will be described first, followed by small embroidery (seed) beads. Seed beads have little 1
value for comparative purposes, and will therefore not be discussed at length. The beads will also be compared with the typology developed for the Trudeau Site in Louisiana 1731-1764 (Brain 1979), Fort Michilimackinac in Michigan, 1715-1781 (Stone 1974), and Guebert Site in Dlinois 1719-1833 (Good 1972), which provide excellent color photographs. It should be noted that all ofthese sites were within the French trading sphere. For this reason, several sites were also selected for comparison that were within the English trading sphere. Thus beads from the eighteenth century Cherokee Indian towns ofHiwassee Old Town (or Conasauga) (Fenstermaker 1978), Tugalo (Smith and Williams 1978), Tomassee (Smith et al. 1988), and the important English trading post ofFort Moore (Story n.d.) were also chosen for comparison when useful. Itis hoped that beads typical ofthe English trade may be isolated by this analysis. The typology developed by Kenneth and Martha Kidd (1970) is also utilized for descriptive purposes for many ofthe beads. The provenience ofall specimens is listed in each type description. DrawnCaneNecklace Beads Type 1. Untumbled tubular transparent green cane necklace bead ofsimple construction. Number ofSpecimens: 2 whole and 4 fragmentary specimens. Diameter: 9-12mm. Length:53-58mm. Provenience: Test Unit 2, Level 2 (one complete and two fragmentary specimens); Test Unit 2, Level 3 (complete specimen); Test Unit 3, Level 3 (fragment); and Test Unit 4, Level 4 (fragment). This bead is Kidd Type Iall, but is not present at Guebert, Trudeau, or Michilimackinac. This bead is present at Fort Moore, an important English trading center and earlier Indian town site, ca. 1680-1750 (Story n.d.). Type 2. Untumbled tubular opaque baby blue cane necklace bead ofsimple construction. Number ofSpecimens: 1. Diameter: 4.5mm. Length: 1lmm. Provenience: Test Unit 5, Levell. This is Kidd type la16, Trudeau Variety IA2, Michilimackinac Variety C1, SA, T6, Ve (except the Micbilirnackinac variety is tumbled), and is not at Guebert. Brain (1979) does not give a date range for this type, but it is clearly presentin the mid eighteenth century, since the Trudeau site was occupied from 1731-1764. Itis also present at the eighteenth century Cherokee town ofHiwassee Old Town (Fenstermaker 1978:Plate 1). Type 3. Tumbled spherical transparent Brite Navy cane necklace bead ofsimple construction. Number ofSpecimens: 1. Diameter: 8mm. Length: 7.5mm Provenience: Test Unit 2, Level 2. This is Kidd type IIa55, Trudeau Variety IIA6, similar to the barrel shaped Michilimackinac Variety CI, SA, T4, Variety c., and does not have a clearly corresponding Guebert type. Brain (1979) notes that this bead is found commonly 2
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Ye Pleasant Mount: 1989 & 1990 Exca
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Chapter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Table of
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Figure List ofFigures, continued 31
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Acknowledgements The author is inde
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is not known, it may have been sett
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Laboratory Methods All artifacts we
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Chapter 2. History of Mount Pleasan
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visited by Bartram was located in 1
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Ebenezer, he purposed to quit the w
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Uchee Creek in Columbia County, wit
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was: "supplying some Creek Indians
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He [Oglethorpe] stationed small gar
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Thomas Wiggin was dead by 1756, and
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continued to live near Mount Pleasa
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Table 2, Continued. Artifact Summar
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--- Area C Area D Level bluff top M
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Table 3. Area C, Test Unit Summary.
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Chapter 4. Excavations at Trader Po
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Table 4. Artifact Summary, Midden,
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Page 43 and 44:
Page 46 and 47:
G ·' ;:. ,: ,': .:' . : ..... A B
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Figure 11. Pewter .p001l8 ad iron k
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Table 6. Ceramic Summary, Midden, c
Page 55 and 56:
Tobie 7. Ceramic SU111DUIIY. FeaIUr
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Table 8. Minimum Vessel Estimate, N
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y the addition of a notched/pinched
Page 61 and 62:
century, further confirming the age
Page 66 and 67:
Table 10. Button Attributes. Levell
Page 68 and 69:
Table 11, Continued. Glass Bead Typ
Page 70:
while Mount Pleasant had fewer than
Page 74:
It B Fi ur 23 En isb E em J
Page 77: Type G, which is associated with Br
Page 82 and 83: o CIII 2 Fi ure 28. Bottle lass too
Page 84: 581N SOOE 10 YR 5/4 Y.Uowish Brown
Page 92: 10 YR S/3 Brown Sand 10 YR 3/1 Very
Page 96 and 97: Feature 1. Feature 1 was a circular
Page 98 and 99: x 28 cm north-south and it was 19 c
Page 100 and 101: own sand. The feature contained onl
Page 102 and 103: Table 13. Mean Ceramic Dale Calcula
Page 104 and 105: documented period (1735 to 1757) wh
Page 106 and 107: In Table 16, the Trader Point midde
Page 108: Period pottery. The paucity of Chat
Page 111 and 112: with it. Since we know that Schremp
Page 113 and 114: Table 19, Continued. Summary of Eur
Page 115 and 116: Table 19, Continued. Summary of Eur
Page 119 and 120: Hemperley, Marion 1974 English Crow
Page 121 and 122: Kelly, A. R. and R. S. Neitzel 1961
Page 123 and 124: Smith, Marvin T. 1990 Historic Peri
Page 125: Appendix I. Glass Beads from Mount
Page 129 and 130: There is no Kidd designation for th
Page 131 and 132: Ontario. Kidd, Kenneth E. 1979 Glas
Page 133 and 134: ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE M
Page 136 and 137: specimens that have been studied by
Page 138 and 139: The next largest taxon category by
Page 140 and 141: The domestic animals, pig, cow, chi
Page 142 and 143: Fort Michilimackinac fit well with
Page 144 and 145: REFERENCES CITED Anderson, Jay Alle
Page 146 and 147: Schmid, Elizabeth F. 1972 Atlas of
Page 150 and 151: Table 4. Species List, The Mt. Plea
Page 152 and 153: Table 7. Bone Measurements' (in mil
Page 154 and 155: Table 10. Element Distribution of M
Page 156 and 157: Table 12. Element Fusion Data, Mt.
Page 158 and 159: INTRODUCTION ZOOARCHAEOLOGICALANALY
Page 160 and 161: Mollusca A total of 46 fragments of
Page 162 and 163: These data allow us to draw some co
Page 164 and 165: Analysis of butchering patterns on
Page 166 and 167: REI ...ERENCES Aldrich, Paul I. (ed
Page 170: Table 3. Fauna from Mt. Pleasant, F
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