Ye Pleasant Mount: 1989 1990 Excavations - Open site which ...

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visited by Bartram was located in 1958 by archaeologist David Chase, and some excavations has been done there by the Smithsonian Institution under the direction of archaeologist Harold Huscher and by the Columbus Museum under the direction of archaeologist Frank Schnell (Huscher 1958; Chase 1960; Schnell 1982). Like the Yuchi, the Westo had settlements on the Savannah and Chattahoochee Rivers. The Westo were a fierce group who captured Indian slaves from the Cherokee and other tribes. First contact was made between the British and the Westo at their village near present-day Augusta during an exploration by Henry Woodward in 1674. The initial relationship between the two groups was favorable, but as British trading contacts spread to other groups in the region the Westo became more of a hindrance than an asset to the English. The British had trouble controlling the warfare and slave-taking habits of the Westo, and so they enlisted the aid ofa group ofShawnee from Pennsylvania to neutralize them. By 1680, the Westo population had been reduced until they were no longer a threat to the region. Because they were eliminated so early, there are few written descriptions of the Westo and their history is poorly understood. John Swanton, a late authority on southeastern Indians, associated the Westo with the Yuchi during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Chapman Milling, author ofRed Carolinians, disagreed with Swanton as to the cultural affinity of the Westo, and he identified the Westo as distinct from, and enemies of the Yuchi (Milling 1969). Early maps show the Westo in similar locations to the Hogologee and Yuchi on the Savannah and Chattahoochee Rivers, but the identity of the Westo remains unresolved to the present day. The Yuchis probably settled at Mount Pleasant sometime after the Yamassee War, although the precise date is not known. In the summer of 1736, Baron Philip Georg Frederich von Reck, one of the leaders ofthe Ebenezer settlement, visited the Yuchi village at Mount Pleasant and recorded his visit in word and picture. His watercolors are the earliest depictions of Georgia's Native Americans and they contain valuable ethnographic information about the Yuchi people. He painted a portrait of their King, or Mico, Senkaitschi, and his wife. Von Reck also drew a portrait of the supreme commander of the Yuchi Indian nation whose name was Kipahalgwa, although his place ofresidence was not given (Hvidt 1980:114-129)'- Von Reck also painted pictures of an Indian encampment and numerous Indians at Mount Pleasant, and was the first European to describe an Indian Busk, or green corn ceremony. In his depiction of the Busk, he shows a group of Indians near an open hut with several trade guns suspended from the eaves. Von Reck wrote on July 19, "I went to Palachocolas andfrom there to Yuchi Town to ask the Indians to come to Ebenezer to shoot some gamefor the sick..." (Hvidt 1980:44) and on July 28 he wrote I went back to the Yuchi town to attend the busk, or annual Indian festivity. By water Palachocolas is twenty-five miles and Yuchi town thirty miles from Ebenezer, but by 9
land Yuchi Town is twenty miles and Palachocolas is twenty-five...Their towns and dwellings are usually situated on a river...Their trade consists of skins, which they exchange for guns, powder, lead, rum, colors, mirrors, beads, woolen and linen cloth & c. (Hvidt 1980:44) Mount Pleasant again is mentioned in October, 1740, when two villains from Fort Argyle sought refuge there: "at a place called Mount Pleasant, or the Uchee Town (from some of those Indians inhabiting thereabout) on the River Savannah, and in the usual Place ofcrossing it to the Palachocolas: there the Rain had driven them for shelter into a hut." These two murderers were captured, put in jail, and later executed (eRG 4:660). One writer described Mount Pleasant in 1740 Thirty miles above Ebenezer, on the Carolina side, lies the Palachocolas Fort. Five miles above the Palachocolas, on the Georgia side, lies the Euchee town (or Mount Pleasant) to which about a hundred Indians belong; but few of them stay now in the town, they choosing rather to live dispersed. All the land from Ebenezer to the river briers belongs to those Indians, who will not part with the same, therefore it cannot be planted. One hundred and 44 miles above Mount Pleasant, on the Carolina side, is Silver Bluff, where there is another settlement ofEuchee Indians; on both sides of the river are fields ofcorn planted by them. (Collections ofthe Georgia Historical Society 2:71) The Yuchi were allied with the Lower Creek tribes, which included not only Creek Indians, but also the Hitchiti and Appalachicolas. This political alliance was not always pleasant. In 1746, according to South Carolina Governor Glen, a group of Creeks attacked the Yuchis and "killed six ofthem and carryed many others into slavery" (S.C. Records BPRO 22:151). Oglethorpe's 1733 treaty with the ,Indians for land on the lower Savannah River did not include representatives of the Yuchi. By July, 1736, however, Oglethorpe included the Yuchi in talks with the Lower and Upper Creeks. The Yuchi were identified at that time as friends of the Creeks and mutual enemies ofthe Cherokee (McPherson 1962:175). In July, 1739, Oglethorpe embarked from Savannah on a journey to meet with the Indians at Coweta town on the Chattahoochee River. This trip, fIrSt by water and later by land, led him through the settlement of Mount Pleasant. Georgia Governor William Stephens recorded the trip in his journal The General left us in the Forenoon, and proceeded up the River in the Cutter with Lieutenant Dunbar, Ensign Leman, and Mr. Eyre (a Cadet) his Attendants, besides Domesticks and menial servants: At the Euchie Town, about twenty-five Miles above 10
Page 1 and 2: Ye Pleasant Mount: 1989 & 1990 Exca
Page 3 and 4: Chapter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Table of
Page 5 and 6: Figure List ofFigures, continued 31
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements The author is inde
Page 10 and 11: is not known, it may have been sett
Page 12 and 13: Laboratory Methods All artifacts we
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 2. History of Mount Pleasan
Page 18 and 19: Ebenezer, he purposed to quit the w
Page 20 and 21: Uchee Creek in Columbia County, wit
Page 22 and 23: was: "supplying some Creek Indians
Page 24 and 25: He [Oglethorpe] stationed small gar
Page 26 and 27: Thomas Wiggin was dead by 1756, and
Page 28: continued to live near Mount Pleasa
Page 31 and 32: Table 2, Continued. Artifact Summar
Page 33 and 34: --- Area C Area D Level bluff top M
Page 35 and 36: Table 3. Area C, Test Unit Summary.
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 4. Excavations at Trader Po
Page 39 and 40: Table 4. Artifact Summary, Midden,
Page 46 and 47: G ·' ;:. ,: ,': .:' . : ..... A B
Page 49: Figure 11. Pewter .p001l8 ad iron k
Page 53 and 54: Table 6. Ceramic Summary, Midden, c
Page 55 and 56: Tobie 7. Ceramic SU111DUIIY. FeaIUr
Page 57 and 58: Table 8. Minimum Vessel Estimate, N
Page 59 and 60: y the addition of a notched/pinched
Page 61 and 62: century, further confirming the age
Page 66 and 67:
Table 10. Button Attributes. Levell
Page 68 and 69:
Table 11, Continued. Glass Bead Typ
Page 70:
while Mount Pleasant had fewer than
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It B Fi ur 23 En isb E em J
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Type G, which is associated with Br
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o CIII 2 Fi ure 28. Bottle lass too
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581N SOOE 10 YR 5/4 Y.Uowish Brown
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10 YR S/3 Brown Sand 10 YR 3/1 Very
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Feature 1. Feature 1 was a circular
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x 28 cm north-south and it was 19 c
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own sand. The feature contained onl
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Table 13. Mean Ceramic Dale Calcula
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documented period (1735 to 1757) wh
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In Table 16, the Trader Point midde
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Period pottery. The paucity of Chat
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with it. Since we know that Schremp
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Table 19, Continued. Summary of Eur
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Table 19, Continued. Summary of Eur
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Hemperley, Marion 1974 English Crow
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Kelly, A. R. and R. S. Neitzel 1961
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Smith, Marvin T. 1990 Historic Peri
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Appendix I. Glass Beads from Mount
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value for comparative purposes, and
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There is no Kidd designation for th
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Ontario. Kidd, Kenneth E. 1979 Glas
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ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE M
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specimens that have been studied by
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The next largest taxon category by
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The domestic animals, pig, cow, chi
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Fort Michilimackinac fit well with
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REFERENCES CITED Anderson, Jay Alle
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Schmid, Elizabeth F. 1972 Atlas of
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Table 4. Species List, The Mt. Plea
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Table 7. Bone Measurements' (in mil
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Table 10. Element Distribution of M
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Table 12. Element Fusion Data, Mt.
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INTRODUCTION ZOOARCHAEOLOGICALANALY
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Mollusca A total of 46 fragments of
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These data allow us to draw some co
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Analysis of butchering patterns on
Page 166 and 167:
REI ...ERENCES Aldrich, Paul I. (ed
Page 170:
Table 3. Fauna from Mt. Pleasant, F
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