To My Family and Uğraş Uzun - Bilkent University

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CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 5.1 The Use of Sarcophagi in Roman Period Burial Practices Until the 130’s, the Roman Empire can be divided into two parts according to the prevailing burial practices: cremation in the west and inhumation in the east (Fig. 88) (Morris, 1992: 52). In the eastern Greek-speaking world, inhumation in wooden or stone sarcophagi had always been the usual form of burial in the Classical period (Davies, 1999: 149). On the other hand, cremation was the rule in the western empire until the 2 nd century AD, when the burial customs began to change and inhumation became more common (Walker, 1985: 10; Morris, 1992: 53). There are disagreements about the reasons for this change in funerary practice. It has been suggested that from the 2 nd century AD onwards, there was a belief in the immortality of the soul, influenced by Christianity and other mystery religions, and accordingly an interest in the “preservation” of the deceased by using more elaborate memorials (McCann, 1978: 20). Another theory is that inhumation in sarcophagi was a Greek fashion spread consciously by the philhellene emperors Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius (who even wrote his “Meditations” in Greek (Morris, 1992: 59)) (Walker, 1985: 17; Davies, 1999: 150). A third theory is that the practice of inhumation spread from the east to the 60
west allegedly after the aristocracy there perceived the new custom as reflecting their position in imperial society (Morris, 1992: 54, 61). Whatever the reason, the change in the funerary customs in the west caused an expansion in the demand of the production and the trade of elaborately decorated marble sarcophagi from the 2 nd century onwards (Kleiner, 1992: 256; Davies, 1999: 156). These sarcophagi reflect a set of values and beliefs embedded in their elaborate ornamentation, a system of symbolism to be read by the Romans (Koortbojian, 1995: 158; Davies, 1999: 157). Portal 5.2 Funerary Rites, Sacrifice and the Two Figures next to the Tomb Before presenting the various suggestions about the identification of the two figures next to the tomb portal on the Docimeum columnar sarcophagi, it is necessary to discuss the religious symbolism related to burial rituals conveyed by these figures. First of all, as explained below, the figures on the Docimeum sarcophagi have late Classical and Hellenistic prototypes in terms of stances, motives, gestures and dresses (Stryzygowski, 1907: 111; Elderkin, 1939: 104-105; Strong, 1961: 46; Strong, 1995: 192; Ramage and Ramage, 1995: 229). In that case, it is likely that the figures next to the tomb portal on the Asiatic sarcophagi reflected the funerary rituals of Greek-speaking eastern part of the empire, a region within which local and Greek artistic traditions remained deeply rooted and highly popular. On the other hand, a considerable number of the Asiatic columnar sarcophagi were exported to west (Table 1), and it is very likely that the 61
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To My Family and Uğraş Uzun
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APPROVAL PAGE I certify that I have
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ÖZET ANTAKYA LAHDİ: BEZEK UNSURLA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.........
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CHAPTER VI: DATING.................
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LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Map of Roma
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Fig. 35. Map of Ancient Antioch. (K
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Fig. 68. Sarcophagus from Via Amend
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Fig. 101. Diadora. 140-30 BC. Delos
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Antakya
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Antakya sarcophagus is proposed and
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Matz’s unfinished “Corpus der A
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described the Iznik S (Iznik- Nikai
Page 27 and 28: Fittschen and W. Trillmich are toge
Page 29 and 30: The question of who owned the marbl
Page 31 and 32: Other evidence for the high price o
Page 33 and 34: specially for carrying marble, whic
Page 35 and 36: The columnar sarcophagi were, there
Page 37 and 38: type” (Morey, 1924: 29). This typ
Page 39 and 40: certainly makes sense, given their
Page 41 and 42: Indeed, G.W. Elderkin compares the
Page 43 and 44: the barracks today strengthens this
Page 45 and 46: The necklace found in the sarcophag
Page 47 and 48: During the joint reign of Gallienus
Page 49 and 50: 4.3 Dimensions The dimensions of th
Page 51 and 52: A (Selefkeh) (Lawrence, 1958: 289).
Page 53 and 54: standing in the bays are at the sam
Page 55 and 56: The rear side of the sarcophagus is
Page 57 and 58: On the inner-acroteria of the lunet
Page 59 and 60: 4.4.6 Lid The lid is composed of tw
Page 61 and 62: corner (Fig. 66) has slimmer propor
Page 63 and 64: ight leg, and the left leg is at ea
Page 65 and 66: 4.5.2 Right Side The right side is
Page 67 and 68: low relief. The right forefoot of t
Page 69 and 70: and the left hand are entirely invi
Page 71 and 72: him. The boundary between his left
Page 73 and 74: waist level. She has calcei on her
Page 75 and 76: position. He is wearing a chiton an
Page 77: Other than the hunting side, the ot
Page 81 and 82: 1999: 144). On the other hand, the
Page 83 and 84: he and his wife his wife Julia Domn
Page 85 and 86: inging offerings to stelae, with or
Page 87 and 88: “Gates of Hades” through which
Page 89 and 90: The seated and standing male figure
Page 91 and 92: similar to that of the Antakya Sarc
Page 93 and 94: Hunting acquired a different signif
Page 95 and 96: theme on these sarcophagi, on Istan
Page 97 and 98: 1939: 110). Another suggestion is t
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER VI DATING Proposing a date
Page 101 and 102: stylistic grounds difficult. The ch
Page 103 and 104: Crassus (Morey, 1924: 15). This sug
Page 105 and 106: the Antakya Sarcophagus (on the cen
Page 107 and 108: portal of the Antakya Sarcophagus.
Page 109 and 110: portrait characters and they may ha
Page 111 and 112: and the deep strong drill work appl
Page 113 and 114: craftsmen and the inspirations for
Page 115 and 116: early 3rd centuries must be studied
Page 117 and 118: Bland, R.F. 1996. “The Developmen
Page 119 and 120: Herz, N., and D.B. Wenner. 1981.
Page 121 and 122: Morwood, J. 1994. The Pocket Oxford
Page 123 and 124: Waelkens, M. 1982. Dokimeion: Die W
Page 125 and 126: FIGURES 107
Page 127 and 128: Fig. 2. Distribution map of Phrygia
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Fig. 4. Rome B (Torre Nova) Sarcoph
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Fig. 6. Antalya M (Herakles Sarcoph
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Fig. 8. Melfi Sarcophagus. 160-70 A
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Fig. 10. The Nereid Monument. c.390
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Fig. 12. Reconstruction of the Hero
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Fig. 15. The scaenae frons of the t
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Fig. 17. Marble cornice from the th
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Fig. 20. “Mourning Women Sarcopha
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Fig. 22. Istanbul A (Selefkeh) Sarc
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Fig. 24. Iznik Sarcophagus. Late He
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Fig. 26. Drawing of the front side
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Fig. 28. Drawing of the right side
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Fig. 30. Drawing of the rear side o
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Fig. 32. Drawing of the left side o
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Fig.4. Map of the Antioch Excavatio
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Fig. 36. Plan of Antioch in 1931 dr
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Fig. 38. Gold earrings from the Ant
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Fig. 44. Roman copy of Doryphoros f
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Fig. 48. Column capital of the Melf
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Fig. 52. Detail of the first bay of
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Fig. 56. The corner figure of the r
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Fig. 60. Lid on the right side of t
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Fig. 63. Right part of the lid on t
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Fig. 68. Sarcophagus from Via Amend
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Fig. 71. Figure E on the Antakya Sa
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Fig. 75. Figure J1, J2, and K on th
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Fig. 80. Figure S on the Antakya Sa
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Fig. 86. Reconstruction of the Athe
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Fig. 88. Cremating and inhuming are
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Fig. 90. Panel from triumphal arch
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Fig. 94. South frieze of the Ara Pa
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Fig. 97. Lid of the Sarcophagus of
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Fig. 99. Large and Small Herculaneu
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Fig. 102. Chrysippos, Stoic. Origin
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Fig. 107. Satrap Sarcophagus from t
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Fig. 109. Lid of an Etruscan sarcop
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Fig. 111. Detail of the architectur
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Fig. 115. Detail of the architectur
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Fig. 119. The Adana Sarcophagus. c.
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Fig. 122. Melos Aphrodite. 2 nd cen
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Fig. 124. Bust of Queen Cleopatra V
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To My Family and Uğraş Uzun - Bilkent University

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