Architecture and Modernity : A Critique
Architecture and Modernity : A Critique
Architecture and Modernity : A Critique
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traditional architectural values such as harmony <strong>and</strong> permanence. It thus becomes<br />
clear that the modernism of the modern movement was not always critical of modernity,<br />
but rather adopted a “pastoral” attitude that aimed at smoothing out differences<br />
<strong>and</strong> conflicts.<br />
Chapter 3 explores ideas <strong>and</strong> attitudes that take a critical distance from this<br />
“pastoralism.” It focuses on personalities who disagree with the notion that it is possible<br />
to develop a harmonious culture within the bounds of a modernizing society.<br />
The chapter opens with a short discussion of Adolf Loos’s opinions on dwelling <strong>and</strong><br />
architecture. Loos chronologically precedes the modern movement, but his ideas<br />
contain the seeds of what will be worked out later as a complex critique of the movement’s<br />
notions about architecture <strong>and</strong> modernity. Loos holds the view that modernity<br />
provokes an inevitable rupture with tradition that has as a consequence the<br />
disintegration of one’s experience of life. This evolution, he thinks, obliges architecture<br />
to deploy a number of languages corresponding to a multitude of different experiences—private<br />
versus public, interior versus exterior, intimate versus public.<br />
Walter Benjamin, the second key figure in this chapter, takes up some of<br />
Loos’s ideas but reworks them in an interpretation of modern architecture that goes<br />
beyond anything written by his contemporaries. He too underst<strong>and</strong>s modernity in<br />
the first instance as a condition that differs fundamentally from tradition. According<br />
to him the difference lies in the fact that modernity generates a poverty of genuine<br />
experiences. In Benjamin’s view modern architecture takes this crisis of experience<br />
into account, because it creates spaces with no fixed character, where light, air, <strong>and</strong><br />
permeability are the dominant elements. In modern architecture therefore the impetus<br />
is found for the creation of a desperately needed “new barbarism” that responds<br />
to the requirements of a new society, one that would no longer be based on<br />
mechanisms of exploitation <strong>and</strong> exclusion.<br />
Like Benjamin, Ernst Bloch is a philosopher of the left who, between the wars,<br />
moved in the orbit of the Frankfurt School <strong>and</strong> happened to be more than superficially<br />
interested in architecture. Bloch’s philosophy is entirely dedicated to utopian hope.<br />
In his opinion the disintegration of life is essentially connected with the social order<br />
of capitalism—with its drive to a superficial rationalization <strong>and</strong> efficiency, its dislike of<br />
fantasy <strong>and</strong> ornament, <strong>and</strong> its tendency to limit oneself to what is immediate <strong>and</strong> obvious.<br />
Bloch sees the “poverty” of modern architecture as an extension of bourgeois<br />
capitalism. For this reason, he argues, this architecture is incapable of offering any<br />
utopian prospect of a future form of society. With this viewpoint, Bloch represents a<br />
very critical voice that, unlike Benjamin’s, denies modern architecture its claim to embody<br />
any hope for emancipation <strong>and</strong> liberation.<br />
The concluding section of chapter 3 is devoted to the authors of the school of<br />
Venice (Tafuri, Cacciari, Dal Co). They are well known for their radicalization of earlier<br />
critical theories, which they integrate in a comprehensive analysis of the relation between<br />
capitalist civilization <strong>and</strong> the culture of architecture. The Venetians have an<br />
outlook on modernity that is rather pessimistic, not to say cynical. Their analyses of<br />
Introduction