Dryandra Woodland - Department of Environment and Conservation ...

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20. WEEDS BACKGROUND A weed is defined as a plant or species growing out of place. When growing in native bushland, an unwanted plant is called a bushland or environmental weed. Weeds may cause major structural change to native plant communities, altering flammability, displacing threatened species and regenerating seedlings, dispossessing native animals of habitat or food, and changing ecosystem processes such as the cycling of water or nutrients. Healthy native vegetation is normally able to resist invasion of weeds. Most weeds require certain conditions, including the opening up of the canopy, soil disturbance or influx of nutrients before they can spread. The major source of weeds at Dryandra is from adjacent lands. Major routes of spread are across private property boundaries, along linear disturbance features such as roads, tracks, and railway formations, and along creeklines. Weed dispersal can be increased by vectors including vehicles and machinery, soil movement, and by native and domestic animals. Of the 890 plant species recorded within the Woodland, 74 are introduced (38 monocotyledons and 36 dicotyledons). Of these, the cape tulips (Homeria flaccida and H. collina) are declared category P3 weeds under the Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976. Category P3 plants are those where the numbers of plants or distribution, or both, should be reduced. Soursob (Oxalis pes-caprae) is declared P4, ie. those plants that should be prevented from spreading beyond their present distribution. Some areas, such as creeklines and granite outcrops, are highly susceptible to weed spread due to the high water and nutrient status of these sites. Weed propagules can also be carried down streamlines by water. Most of Dryandra is uplands; consequently weed spread by this route is slow. However, upstream spread of cape tulip, Guildford grass (Romulea rosea), Cape Weed (Arctotheca calendula), clovers (Trifolium species) and Soursob is occurring on some of the creeklines. Grasses such as veldt grass (Ehrharta species), wild oats (Avena species) and African Love Grass (Eragrostis curvula) can increase the fire hazard and out compete native vegetation for water and nutrients. Other weeds such as Bridal Creeper (Myrsiphyllum asparagoides), watsonia (Watsonia species), Freesias (Freesia leichtlinii) and perennial grasses are not yet a problem in Dryandra; however, they do pose a threat to native vegetation because of their ability to invade and then dominate native plant communities. 79
The impact of some widespread weeds, such as Shivery Grass (Briza minor) and Guildford Grass is unknown. There are also many planted species along tracks and firebreaks (Pinus pinaster and many non-local native species), some of which may have potential to cause woody weed problems. ISSUES • Major weed threats in Dryandra are Guildford Grass, Cape Weed, Bridle Creeper, cape tulip, clovers, soursob, and grasses such as wild oats, Perennial Veldt Grass and African Love Grass. • The biology and impact of many of the weeds in Dryandra is unknown. • The high boundary to area ratio of Dryandra, and the large number of internal tracks, increase management concerns in relation to the introduction and spread of weeds. • The potential for weed introduction and spread needs to be considered in all management strategies, especially those involving disturbance such as timber harvesting, fire suppression, and track and firebreak maintenance. • Mobile recreation, such as pleasure driving, horse riding, cycling and bush walking are possible methods of weed spread. • Populations of threatened and priority flora need to be protected from weed invasion. • Vegetation types 10 (granite outcrops), I I (York Gum woodland) and 12 (Jam low forest), which are associated with moist, fertile soils, are highly susceptible to weed invasion (see Table 2). • Pinus species and other exotic trees and shrubs could become future weed problems. OBJECTIVES • Prevent, as far as practicable, the introduction of weeds to Dryandra. • Control or, if practicable, eradicate weeds likely to cause major environmental problems. • Minimise detrimental effects of weed control measures on the environment. STRATEGIES 1. Monitor the location, extent, spread and, where possible, ecological effects of weeds in Dryandra. Use the results to modify management practices or instigate control measures. 2. Conduct control programs in areas of greatest conservation value. For example, monitor known priority flora populations for weed invasion. Take control measures as necessary. 3. Identify and give priority to control of major weed threats such as cape tulip, perennial grasses and Bridal Creeper. 4. Eradicate, where practical, isolated outbreaks of weeds while the infestations are small and easily controlled. 80
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DRYANDRA WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN 1
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The planning team
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Map 1 Locality iv
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Mallet (a source of tannins) was a
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A range of access will continue to
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE _________
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PRINCIPAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTIONS 1.
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Map 2. Remnant Vegetation outside D
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Changes in Use and Management Since
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natural bush north of Narrogin sati
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4. GEOLOGY, LANDFORMS AND SOILS BAC
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3. The supply of domestic quality w
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• the exotic plant species along
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south coast national parks of Fitzg
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- Ensure that a record of the locat
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Twenty-four species of native mamma
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• The movement of biota between i
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CULTURAL RESOURCES 9. ABORIGINAL HE
Page 40 and 41: STRATEGIES - Identify Noongar peopl
Page 42 and 43: After 1959, the amount of mallet ba
Page 44 and 45: - Dryandra will be managed to attra
Page 46: 10. Retain all vehicle access to pr
Page 50 and 51: 1. Redesign, modify and manage recr
Page 52 and 53: STRATEGY 1. Ensure all buildings, e
Page 54 and 55: 1. Provide a variety of opportuniti
Page 56 and 57: Currently, the only walking track i
Page 58 and 59: 1. Camping areas need to be shelter
Page 60 and 61: 13.6 SWIMMING BACKGROUND The Congel
Page 62 and 63: 2. Ensure orienteering, rogaining a
Page 64 and 65: 3. Exclude competitive horse riding
Page 66 and 67: as such, provides the area with a s
Page 68 and 69: 3. Encourage and facilitate commerc
Page 70 and 71: In Dryandra, natural mallet stands
Page 72 and 73: The inventory also revealed that ma
Page 74 and 75: LONG TERM VISION No bushland in agr
Page 76 and 77: 8. outline revegetation prescriptio
Page 78 and 79: 16. APICULTURE BACKGROUND Commercia
Page 80 and 81: the Environmental Protection Act (1
Page 82 and 83: in contrast to Phytophthora and Arm
Page 84 and 85: the south-west. This is despite Dry
Page 86 and 87: - long-unburnt vegetation (fuel dat
Page 88 and 89: circumstances it is considered by C
Page 94 and 95: 5. Remove exotic and non-local tree
Page 96 and 97: Feral animal biology and control is
Page 98 and 99: • The major roads in Dryandra wil
Page 100 and 101: 6. Liaise with mining companies, go
Page 102 and 103: Programs will complement related th
Page 104 and 105: interest. The community benefits fr
Page 106 and 107: Inventory, research and monitoring
Page 108 and 109: Table 6. Summary of inventory, -res
Page 110 and 111: local authorities and Government de
Page 112 and 113: REFERENCES Australia ICOMOS (1988)
Page 114 and 115: Forests Department (198 1) Land use
Page 116 and 117: Saunders, D. A. (1989) Changes in t
Page 118 and 119: Conservation Codes R. Declared Rare
Page 120: Appendix 2 Crown Land outside the D
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