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242 NEW PUBLICATIONS.
curacy of whicli Mr. Tuffen West's name is a sufficient guarantee,
follow next. The difference in microscopic stracture (plate i.) of bark
grown in sunshine and in shade (the latter condition favouring su-
berous growth), and under moss and in the open garden, is very
remarkable. In plate ii. there are figures of the microscopical struc-
ture of those barks which have been "renewed" by "mossing."
Plate iii. (fig. 8) is very curious, being representations of scalariform
tissue found in renewed bark.
In the ' Chemical and Microscopical Observations,' which is really
the body of the work, we have much useful information. Under the
head of " Elevation above the sea level," some notes of the greatest
practical importance to the cultivator occur, from which it appears
that it is useless to attempt the cultivation of these plants at a lower
level than 4000 feet above the sea. As aflPecting the whole question
of acclimatization in the Neilghen-ies, the analyses of four specimens
of bark are not to be lost sight of. Some seeds and bark of Cinchona
officinalis, L., were received by Mr. Howard from Uritusiuga (Peru),
the total yield of alkaloid being 3'11 per cent.
From these seeds, plants were raised in England the bark of which
yielded 1"93 per cent, Mr. Howard then gave a living plant, 6 feet
high, to the Indian Goverrmient, which, after losing its leaves in tlie
passage out by sunstroke and partly recovering in India, yielded 2*36
per cent., while plants raised from it in India yielded 3*33 per cent.
The "effect of sunlight" favours "the production of cinchonidine
and dense shade that of cinchonino, whilst it appears from other
observations for quinine, that the leaves should be well exposed to
liaht, whilst the stem bark is shaded from the direct action of the
sun."
As a commercial question of great interest, we learn with satisfac-
tion that the first importations of bark {Cinchona succirubra, Pavon) to
England from India, have met with great favour, giving, by analysis,
6'8 per cent, of alkaloidal contents; and, in the case of Ceylon, the
remittance of the bark of C. officinalis and succirubra, though only of
three years' growth, and consc(|Ucntly immature, fetched a higher price
than South American bark of the same species.
A great deal of the remunerative success of the undertaking depends
on " mossing the bark," and we may remark with Mr. Howard in his
' Conclusion," that Mr. M'lvor's phui of mossing is an important dis-