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ing a day, week, or month ticket, whenever a cheaper alternative is available. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have introduced our vision of MobiliNet. Based on a social network-like system, it could optimise the mobility chains for all kind of user groups. Besides optimising the individual mobility, it contributes also to an overall more e cient mobility since it allows connecting people that are traveling to the same destination. The system does not only provide a high level trip planning, but also incorporates important details for all supported means of transportation. Since the system handles a lot of personal data, privacy and security is an important point. For that reason, we think that such a system could, for example, be run by the government financed by the participating public transportation associations and other benefiting corporations. MobiliNet could also contribute to the optimisation of travel demand management strategies [15] since trips could be planned far ahead in most cases. This can, for example, be used to optimise public transportation systems by choosing di↵erent transportation vehicle sizes. We have already realised some basic parts, which could contribute to the proposed system. With DriveAssist [5], we have created a fully working Android-powered driverawareness system, that can combine tra c information from central tra c services and V2X communication. Our approach for integrating mobile devices with V2X communication would further allow sharing mobility related information directly between nearby vehicles [3]. In future work, we are planning to create a working prototype of the proposed vision. Our focus will be on electric vehicles as core part of private transportation combined with public transportation, and the electric vehicle charging network. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research has been funded in parts by the project PAS- SAge by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Förderkennzeichen: 16SV5748). More information on the PASSAge project can be found online at http://www.passage-projekt.de/. 7. REFERENCES [1] M. Caliskan, D. Graupner, and M. Mauve. Decentralized Discovery of Free Parking Places. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, VANET ’06, pages 30–39, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM. [2] A. Chinaei and F. Tompa. User-Managed Access Control for Health Care Systems. In W. Jonker and M. Petkovic, editors, Secure Data Management, volume3674ofLecture Notes in Computer Science, pages63–72.SpringerBerlin/ Heidelberg, 2005. [3] S. Diewald, T. Leinmüller, B. Atanassow, L.-P. Breyer, and M. Kranz. Mobile Device Integration and Interaction with V2X Communication. In Proceedings of the 19th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, ITS,Oct.2012. [4] S. Diewald, A. Möller, L. Roalter, and M. Kranz. Mobile Device Integration and Interaction in the Automotive Domain. In AutoNUI: Automotive Natural User Interfaces Workshop at the 3rd International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI 2011), Nov.–Dec.2011. [5] S. Diewald, A. Möller, L. Roalter, and M. Kranz. DriveAssist - A V2X-Based Driver Assistance System for 150 Adjunct Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '12), October 17–19, 2012, Portsmouth, NH, USA Android. In Automotive HMI Workshop at Mensch und Computer, MuC’12,Sept.2012. [6] M. Knobel, M. Hassenzahl, M. Lamara, T. Sattler, J. Schumann, K. Eckoldt, and A. Butz. Clique trip: feeling related in di↵erent cars. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference, DIS’12,pages29–37,New York, NY, USA, 2012. ACM. [7] M. Kobayashi, A. Hiyama, T. Miura, C. Asakawa, M. Hirose, and T. Ifukube. Elderly User Evaluation of Mobile Touchscreen Interactions. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, INTERACT’11, pages 83–99, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2011. Springer-Verlag. [8] E. Koukoumidis, L.-S. Peh, and M. R. Martonosi. SignalGuru: Leveraging Mobile Phones for Collaborative Tra c Signal Schedule Advisory. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, MobiSys’11,pages127–140,NewYork,NY, USA, 2011. ACM. [9] M. Kranz, C. Fischer, and A. Schmidt. A comparative study of DECT and WLAN signals for indoor localization. In 8th Annual IEEE Int’l Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom 2010), pages 235–243, Mannheim, Germany, March 2010. IEEE. [10] M. Kranz, L. Roalter, and F. Michahelles. Things That Twitter: Social Networks and the Internet of Things. In What can the Internet of Things do for the Citizen (CIoT) Workshop at The Eighth International Conference on Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 2010), May2010. [11] M. Kranz, A. Schmidt, and P. Holleis. Embedded interaction: Interacting with the internet of things. IEEE Internet Computing, 14(2):46–53,March-April2010. [12] M. Panou, K. Touliou, E. Bekiaris, and E. Gaitanidou. Pedestrian and Multimodal Route Guidance Adaptation for Elderly Citizens. In IST-Africa, 2010, pages1–7,May2010. [13] A. Popleteef, V. Omami, and O. Mayora. Indoor positioning using FM radio. International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, 1(3):19–31,July-September2010. [14] A.-U.-H. Yasar, N. Mahmud, D. Preuveneers, K. Luyten, K. Coninx, and Y. Berbers. Where People and Cars Meet: Social Interactions to Improve Information Sharing in Large Scale Vehicular Networks. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC’10,pages 1188–1194, New York, NY, USA, 2010. ACM. [15] Y. Zhao, K. Triantis, D. Teodorović, and P. Edara. A travel demand management strategy: The downtown space reservation system. European Journal of Operational Research, 205(3):584–594,2010.
The AVACARS Project: Examining Cars as Social Media to Improve Driver Safety ABSTRACT Many drivers have close relationships with their cars as separate social entities, as well as strong feelings of identification with their cars that are enhanced through customization and other means of communicating identity through the car (e.g., bumper stickers). This dichotomy – car as social entity vs. self-extension – is the central topic of this paper. We coin the term “AVACARS” (Automotive Vehicles As Communicating Avatar- Robot Systems) to describe this dichotomous relationship and then present a set of hypotheses about how differences in the AVACARS relationship may influence driving safety. The paper describes survey and experiment-based tests for the hypotheses and then concludes that feedback from researchers and industry partners would be essential for targeting the research toward its goals. Categories and Subject Descriptors J.4 [Computer Applications]: Social and Behavioral Sciences – psychology and sociology General Terms Human Factors Keywords Avacars, social driving, driving safety Adjunct Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (AutomotiveUI '12), October 17–19, 2012, Portsmouth, NH, USA 1. INTRODUCTION Although drivers have interacted with one another since cars first entered the roadways, we are currently experiencing a transformative moment in the social nature of the automobile. The integration of the mobile internet into the driver’s seat is facilitating an eruption of social media applications (“apps”) that allow drivers to interact with each other in novel and meaningful ways. For example, there are numerous apps that encourage drivers to upload information (e.g., locations of traffic jams, police traps, etc.) and communicate with other drivers on the road (e.g., view profiles, send messages), and some of these apps have sizeable and growing user bases (e.g., Waze, >20 million users, www.waze.com; Trapster, >16 million users, www.trapster.com). Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. AutomotiveUI'12, October 17-19, Portsmouth, NH, USA. Copyright (c) 2012 ACM 978-1-4503-1751-1/12/10 ... $15.00 Rabindra Ratan Michigan State University 404 Wilson Rd, Room 428 East Lansing, MI 48824 1 650 269 6619 rar@msu.edu The use of such apps while driving may seem dangerous, especially given the dangers of other types of mobile phone use while driving (e.g., texting) [1], but many people still report using their phones for such activities [2] and not all people are negatively affected by such multitasking [3]. Further, autonomous driving technologies have advanced significantly in recent years [4], suggesting that drivers in the near future will have more cognitive resources available for safely engaging in other activities while driving. The purpose of the present proposal is not to examine this intersection of mobile apps for drivers and autonomous driving technology, 1 but instead to address the idea that by integrating the technologies described above, the automobile itself can be considered a social medium with social characteristics that can influence driver safety. 2. THE DUAL ROLES OF CARS There is a strong culture in America of drivers having close relationships and feelings of identification with their cars [5, 6]. For example, many people attribute a specific gender and personality to their cars [7], thereby treating the car like a separate social entity, such as a friend. People also select or customize their cars to communicate a unique personal identity to other drivers on the road [8-10], thereby treating the car as an extension of the self. This dichotomy – car as social entity vs. selfextension – parallels the ways in which people perceive robots, with which people communicate as a separate social entity [11], and avatars, through which people interact socially with others [12-14]. In order to emphasize this dichotomous relationship between the driver and vehicle, we have coined the term “AVACARS”, or Automotive Vehicles As Communicating Avatar-Robot Systems. However, it should be noted that the two poles of the dichotomy are not necessarily mutually exclusive: some people may see their car as an avatar and a separate social entity (perhaps dependent on the social situation). This is an open research question. The hypotheses below can be used to examine this research question as well as numerous other questions about the ways in which this dichotomy is relevant to driver safety. 3. HYPOTHESES There are many open questions regarding the ways that the concept of AVACARS can be used to improve driver safety. Our research team has drawn from a plethora of research about the influence of social factors on driving safety [15-21], as well as research about how various facets of online interaction affect people’s attitudes and behaviors toward each other [12, 22-35], to 1 The author is currently working on a separate project on this topic. 151
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