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33 Division of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Middle Georgia College, 1100 Second Street, SE, Cochran, GA 31014-1599, USA 34 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 181 Riia Street Tartu, 51014, Estonia 35 Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA 36 Chemin des Vignes vielles, 84120, Mirabeau, France 37 Botanical Institute, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway 38 CREM, SABT, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal 39 Genetics Institute, Department Biology I, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, D-80638 Munich, Germany 40 TechnoSuruga Co. Ltd, Tokyo Office, Ogawamachi Kita Building 4F, 1-8-3, Kanda Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan 41 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 213 Biological and Geological Sciences Building, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada 42 Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden 43 Botany Department, Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada 44 Biological Research and Imaging Laboratory, 2 Penny Hedge, New Milton, Hampshire BH25 7TB, UK 45 Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College, 242 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA 46 Department of Biology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, S/N Building, Room 210, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA 4
47 Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China 48 Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA *Corresponding author. E-mail address: dhibbett@clarku.edu Telephone: 1-508-793-7332 Fax: 1-508-793-7174 ABSTRACT A comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the kingdom Fungi is proposed, with reference to recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, and with input from diverse members of the fungal taxonomic community. The classification includes 195 taxa, down to the level of order, of which 19 are described or validated here: Dikarya subkingdom nov.; Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota phyla nov.; Agaricomycetes, Dacrymycetes, Monoblepharidomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes, Tremellomycetes class. nov.; Eurotiomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov.; Acarosporales, Corticiales, Baeomycetales, Candelariales, Gloeophyllales, Melanosporales, Trechisporales, Umbilicariales ords. nov. The clade containing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is classified as subkingdom Dikarya, reflecting the putative synapomorphy of dikaryotic hyphae. The most dramatic shifts in the classification relative to previous works concern the groups that have traditionally been included in the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. The Chytridiomycota is retained in a restricted sense, with Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota representing segregate phyla of flagellated Fungi. Taxa 5
Page 1 and 2: Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for M
Page 3 and 4: Cover Letter February 8, 2007 Dr. D
Page 5 and 6: A higher-level phylogenetic classif
Page 7: 18 Institute of Applied Ecology, Ch
Page 11 and 12: classifications. Two important work
Page 13 and 14: promote communication and awareness
Page 15 and 16: summarized in Tables 1-3, which lis
Page 17 and 18: Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomyc
Page 19 and 20: Many of the citations and authoriti
Page 21 and 22: Class: Chytridiomycetes Caval.-Sm.,
Page 23 and 24: ibosomal aggregation, and rumposome
Page 25 and 26: Synonym: Allomycetes Caval.-Sm., Bi
Page 27 and 28: Order: Paraglomerales C. Walker & A
Page 29 and 30: Fungi pathogenici obligate animalib
Page 31 and 32: Synonym: Zoopagales Bessey, Morph.
Page 33 and 34: Unicellular or filamentous Fungi, l
Page 35 and 36: Class: Pneumocystidomycetes O. E. E
Page 37 and 38: Order: Dothideales Lindau, in Engle
Page 39 and 40: Lichenized, parasitic, and saprobic
Page 41 and 42: Order: Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & K
Page 43 and 44: vel infirme ramosae, septatae, medi
Page 45 and 46: Exemplar genera: Coccocarpia Pers.
Page 47 and 48: Lecanoromycetes incertae sedis (not
Page 49 and 50: Based on current character and taxo
Page 51 and 52: Order: Coronophorales Nannf., Nova
Page 53 and 54: Order: Coniochaetales Huhndorf, A.
Page 55 and 56: Exemplar genera: Huangshania O. E.
Page 57 and 58: Order: Cystobasidiales R. Bauer, Be
Page 59 and 60:
Exemplar genera: Microbotryum Lév.
Page 61 and 62:
Class: Ustilaginomycetes R. Bauer,
Page 63 and 64:
Emend. Bauer, Oberwinkler & Vánky,
Page 65 and 66:
Order: Cystofilobasidiales Fell, Ro
Page 67 and 68:
Order: Agaricales Underw., Moulds,
Page 69 and 70:
phylogenetics of Cantharellales. An
Page 71 and 72:
cylindrical or suballantoid, with t
Page 73 and 74:
subicular hyphae with or without am
Page 75 and 76:
REFERENCES 1 Adl SM, Simpson AGB, F
Page 77 and 78:
Begerow D, Bauer R, Oberwinkler F,
Page 79 and 80:
Clements FE, Shear CL. 1931. The Ge
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Galagan JE, Henn MR, Ma L-J, Cuomo
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Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota). Molec
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Keeling PJ, 2003. Congruent evidenc
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Lindau G, 1896. Hysteriineae. In: E
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Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M
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Nannfeldt JA, 1932. Studien über d
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Sampaio JP, Gadanho M, Bauer R, Wei
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Sugiyama J, Hosaka K, Suh S-O, 2007
Page 98 and 99:
Glomeromycota. Mycological Research
Page 100 and 101:
Sordariomycetes systematics: An ove
Page 102 and 103:
MICROSPORIDIA Kickxellales Dimargar
Page 104 and 105:
Agaricostilbales Agaricostilbomycet
Page 106 and 107:
James et al. (2007) lsu, ssu, 5.8S
Page 108 and 109:
Table 2. Support for major groups o
Page 110 and 111:
MPbs < 50 SC Dothideomycetidae Scho
Page 112 and 113:
4 Bpp = 1.00 MLbs = 100 WPbs > 70 9
Page 114 and 115:
pb2, tef1 MLbs = 93 Bpp = 1.00 Miad
Page 116 and 117:
Reeb et al. (2004, fig. 1) lsu, ssu
Page 118 and 119:
tef1 WPbs = 96 MLbs = 90 Bpp = 1.00
Page 120 and 121:
Bpp = 1.00 Miller & Huhndorf (2005,
Page 122 and 123:
Table 3. Support for major groups o
Page 124 and 125:
Sampaio (2004, fig. 1) lsu 7 Bpp =
Page 126 and 127:
O Ustilaginales Matheny et al. (200
Page 128 and 129:
pb2, tef1 MPbs = 50-69 Fell et al.
Page 130:
Larsson et al. (2007, fig. 3) lsu,
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