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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance FIgURE IV.10: Russia trade in manufactured products — RCA index in 2009 112 Other transport eq. Motor vehicles Machinery n.e.c. Electrical equipment Computers, electronic & optical Metal products Other manufacturing Furniture Basic metals Non-metallic mineral products Food 10 Rubber & plastics Pharmaceuticals 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Beverages Tobacco Chemicals Textiles Clothing Paper Printing Rened petroleum Leather & footwear Wood & wood products Note: The ‘radius 1’ circle is highlighted to aid identification of those sectors with a comparative advantage, which are located outside the circle. Source: own calculations using COMTRADE data. IV.2.4.2 RCA In SERVICES Service industries account for about three quarters of the EU value added in 2009 but significantly less of their output is traded compared to manufacturing which represents 15 % of EU value added. World services exports represented about 2 300 billion euro in 2009 (WTO, 2011). In absolute terms, this amounts to slightly more than a quarter of the 8 200 billion euro in merchandise and agricultural trade in 2009 (WTO, 2011). The analyses of trade in services in this section are based on a sample of 102 countries (see section IV.1.2 Services), accounting for 99 % of services trade in the world. This sample was used to estimate total world trade for all services and total word trade by type of service. Trade in services differs substantially from manufacturing trade, for example in transactions of products between different countries. A definition of trade in services and presentation of the different services industries participating in international trade is provided below, cf. Box IV.4. 69 69 It should also be noted that the service ‘Royalties and licence fees’ is not included in this report as it is not related to a special service activity.
Chapter IV — International competitiveness of EU industry box IV.4: trade in services: definition, sectoral breakdown and measurement 70 International trade in services involves transactions between residents and non‑residents of an economy. Services are less tradable than goods. As they are immediately consumed, they cannot be resold. For many services, the consumer and provider of the service have to be located at the same place. From a sectoral perspective, the main components of services activities are generally broken down into three categories grouping together 11 types of services sectors: 1. Transportation 2. Travel. 3. Other services, including: communication services, construction services, insurance services, financial services, computer and information services, royalties and licence fees, other business services, personal, cultural and recreational services and government services There are four modes for the supply of services: ‑ Mode 1 is cross‑border supply, where only the service crosses the border. The change of country can, for example, be via electronic communication (Internet, telephone, facsimile, etc.). The sectors characterised by cross‑border supply are: most of transportation, communication services, financial and insurance services, royalties and licence fees. Parts of certain sectors can involve cross‑border supply: part of computer and information services, part of other business services, and part of personal, cultural and recreational services. ‑ Mode 2 is consumption abroad, when consumers cross the border. This is the case principally for tourism or business travel, when individuals go to hotels and restaurants. Part of transportation can also be counted as consumption abroad (supporting and auxiliary services for carriers in foreign ports). ‑ Mode 3 is commercial presence, when suppliers (firms) cross the border to supply services. A foreign company will, for example, open branches or subsidiaries in the destination country. Some construction services involve commercial presence. ‑ Mode 4 is the presence of natural persons when suppliers (natural persons) cross the border to supply services. An individual who is self‑employed (for example a consultant or a health worker) or an employee (for instance a construction worker) moves temporarily to the country of the consumer to supply services. This form of trade is found in the following sectors: part of the computer and information services sector, part of ‘other business services’, part of the personal, cultural and recreational services sector, and part of the construction services sector. In this report, there is a gap between the conceptual classification of trade in services and the data that were used from the balance of payments statistics. Data on trade in services are more deficient than data on trade in goods. There are practical difficulties that arise when capturing trade in services. It is complicated to separate goods and services in the balance of payments. As a result, the latter may be under‑recorded. Moreover, certain transactions falling under the four modes of supply are not accounted for in the balance of payments estimates of services trade. Cross‑border trade (Mode 1) is the mode of supply best covered by the balance of payments statistics. Mode 2 — consumption abroad — is generally well covered as it is represented by expenditures in tourism and business travel. Trade through commercial presence (mode 3) is accounted for through company surveys (foreign affiliates trade in services surveys), which are a different type of statistics. The balance of payments takes into account residency rather than nationality: a service is considered as traded if it takes place between residents and non‑residents. In the case of trade through commercial presence (mode 3), there are only residents of the country who are involved. Mode 4 — presence of natural persons — is also badly covered. 70 For more background, see European Commission, United Nations, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Trade Organisation (2002) and WTO (2007). 113
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technology scale. They are less and
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