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EU industrial structure 2011 — Trends and Performance
Applying the GL index for EU‑27 trade in manufactured
products with four groups of countries, classified by
income level, shows that the value of the GL index increases
with the level of income of the trade partner. 76 The GL
index is 0.09 for trade with low‑income countries, 0.26 for
trade with low‑medium income countries, 0.30 for trade
76 The classification by income level that was used is the one from
the World Bank. The country groups are: High non‑EU: Australia,
Bahamas, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Croatia, China,
Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Kuwait,
China, Macao SAR, Oman, Neth. Antilles, New Zealand, Norway,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates,
USA. Upper‑medium: Algeria, Argentina, Bosnia Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Belarus, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba,
Dominican Rep., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Jamaica, Kazakhstan,
Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro,
Namibia, Panama, Russian Federation, Serbia, South Africa,
Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, TFYR of Macedonia,
Uruguay, Venezuela. Low‑medium: Albania, Angola, Azerbaijan,
Armenia, Bolivia, Belize, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Sri Lanka, China,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Djibouti, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras,
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Côte d’Ivoire, Jordan, Lesotho, Maldives,
Mongolia, Rep. of Moldova, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria,
Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Timor-Leste, India, Swaziland, Syria,
Thailand, Tunisia, Ukraine, Egypt. Low: Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Myanmar, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Rep.,
Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Benin, Ethiopia,
Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Haiti, Kenya, Dem. People’s Rep.
of Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Dem. Rep., Liberia, Madagascar,
Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Pakistan,
Guinea-Bissau, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Viet Nam, Somalia,
Zimbabwe, Sudan, Tajikistan, Togo, Uganda, United Rep. of
Tanzania, Burkina Faso, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia.
122
with upper‑medium income countries, and 0.61 for
trade with high‑income countries. This shows that trade
with industrialised countries has a large component
of intra‑industry trade, while trade with lower‑income
countries has a large component of inter‑industry trade,
cf. Figure IV.18.
FIgURE IV.18: grubel-Lloyd index by income level of EU-27 trade partner in 2009
Grybel-Lloyd index in 2009
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Low income
Low medium income
Trade partners country groups
Upper medium income
Note: calculations based on a sample of 5 050 6‑digit products from HS2007 classification.
Source: own calculations using COMTRADE data.
High income non EU-27