Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants - Regione ...

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The extended BBCH-scale Hack et al., 1992 The extended BBCH-scale is a system for a uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of all mono- and dicotyledonous plant species. It results from teamwork between the German Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), the German Federal Office of Plant Varieties (BSA), the German Agrochemical Association (IVA) and the Institute for Vegetables and Ornamentals in Grossbeeren/Erfurt, Germany (IGZ). The decimal code, which is divided into principal and secondary growth stages, is based on the well-known cereal code developed by ZADOKS et al. (1974) in order to avoid major changes from this widely used phenological key.The abbreviation BBCH derives from Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical industry. The basic principles of the scale – The general scale forms the framework within which the individual scales are developed. It can also be used for those plant species for which no special scale is currently available. – Similar phenological stages of each plant species are given the same code. – For each code, a description is given, and for some important stages, drawings are included. – For the description of the phenological development stages, clear and easily recognised (external) morphological characte-ristics are used. – Except where stated otherwise, only the development of the main stem is taken into consideration. – The growth stages refer to representative individual plants within the crop stand. Crop stand characteristics may also be considered. – Relative values relating to species- and/or variety-specific ultimate sizes are used for the indication of sizes. – The secondary growth stages 0 to 8 correspond to the respective ordinal numbers or percentage values. For example stage 3 could represent: 3rd true leaf, 3rd tiller, 3rd node or 30% of the final length or size typical of the species or 30% of the flowers open. – Post harvest or storage treatment is coded 99. – Seed treatment before planting is coded 00. Organisation of the scale The entire developmental cycle of the plants is subdivided into ten clearly recognizable and distinguishable longer-lasting developmental phases. These principal growth stages are described using numbers from 0 to 9 in ascending order (see Figures 1a and b). The principal growth stages are described in Table 1. Owing to the very many different plant species there may be shifts in the course of the development or certain stages may even be omitted.
The principal growth stages need not proceed in the strict sequence defined by the ascending order of the figures, but can occasionally also proceed in parallel. Table 1: Principal growth stages Stage Description 0 Germination / sprouting / bud development 1 Leaf development (main shoot) 2 Formation of side shoots / tillering 3 Stem elongation or rosette growth / shoot development (main shoot) 4 Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetatively propagated organs / booting (main shoot) 5 Inflorescence emergence (main shoot) / heading 6 Flowering (main shoot) 7 Development of fruit 8 Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed 9 Senescence, beginning of dormancy If two or more principal growth stages proceed in parallel, both can be indicated by using a diagonal stroke (example 16/22). If only one stage is to be indicated, either the more advanced growth stage must be chosen or the principal growth stage of particular interest, depending upon the plant species. The principal growth stages alone are not sufficient to define exactly application or evaluation dates, since they always describe time spans in the course of the development of a plant. Secondary stages are used if points of time or steps in the plant development must be indicated precisely. In contrast to the principal growth stages they are defined as short developmental steps characteristic of the respective plant species, which are passed successively during the respective principal growth stage. They are also coded by using the figures 0 to 9. The combination of figures for the principal and the secondary stages, results in the two-digit code. The two-digit code is a scale which offers the possibility of precisely defining all phenological growth stages for the majority of plant species. Only in the case of some plant species (e.g. cucumber, onion, potato, soybean, tomato) is further subdivision necessary within a principal growth stage beyond that possible using the secondary stages from 0 to 9. For these cases a three-digit scale is presented alongside the two-digit scale. This involves the inclusion of the so-called mesostage between the principal and the secondary stage, which provides a further subdivision with figures 0 and 1 describing the development on the main stem and figures 2 to 9
Page 1 and 2: Growth stages of mono-and dicotyled
Page 3 and 4: General Scale Cereals, Rice, Maize
Page 5: Note of Thanks This book was made p
Page 10 and 11: The extended BBCH-scale, general Ha
Page 12 and 13: The extended BBCH-scale, general Ha
Page 14 and 15: The extended BBCH-scale, for specif
Page 16 and 17: Cereals Witzenberger et al., 1989;
Page 18 and 19: Cereals
Page 20 and 21: Rice Lancashire et al., 1991 Phenol
Page 22 and 23: Rice © 1989: Bayer Detail
Page 24 and 25: Maize Weber and Bleiholder, 1990; L
Page 26 and 27: Maize © 1989: BASF AG
Page 28 and 29: Oilseed rape Weber and Bleiholder,
Page 30 and 31: Oilseed rape Weber and Bleiholder,
Page 32 and 33: Oilseed rape 53 (Detail)
Page 34 and 35: Faba bean Weber and Bleiholder, 199
Page 36 and 37: Faba bean
Page 38 and 39: Sunflower Weber and Bleiholder, 199
Page 40 and 41: Sunflower
Page 42 and 43: Beet Meier et al., 1993 Phenologica
Page 44 and 45: Potato Hack et al., 1993 Phenologic
Page 50 and 51: Potato © 1993: IVA
Page 52 and 53: Pome fruit Meier et al., 1994 Pheno
Page 54 and 55: Pome fruit 1 Leave bud smaller and
Page 56 and 57:
Stone fruit Meier et al., 1994 Phen
Page 58 and 59:
Currants Meier et al., 1994 Phenolo
Page 60 and 61:
Currants Meier et al., 1994 Phenolo
Page 62 and 63:
Strawberry Meier et al., 1994 Pheno
Page 64 and 65:
Strawberries © 1994: BBA und IVA
Page 66 and 67:
Citrus Agusti et al., 1995 Phenolog
Page 68 and 69:
Olive Sanz-Cortés et al., in press
Page 70 and 71:
Olive © 2001: BBA 00 07 09 11 33
Page 72 and 73:
71 79 81 89 92
Page 74 and 75:
Coffee Arcila-Pulgarín et al., in
Page 76 and 77:
Coffee 10 19/33 00 05 09 21/90 23/9
Page 78 and 79:
Musaceae Gonzales et al., in prepar
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Musacea 0 Sprouting 1 Leaf developm
Page 86 and 87:
IXX0 IXX2 IXX4 IXX6 IXX8 20 XX = 00
Page 88 and 89:
60 62 61 65 70 72 79 69
Page 90 and 91:
91 95 93 98
Page 92 and 93:
Grapevine Lorenz et al., 1994 Pheno
Page 94 and 95:
Soybean Munger et al., 1997 Phenolo
Page 96 and 97:
Soybean Munger et al., 1997 Phenolo
Page 98 and 99:
Soybean
Page 100 and 101:
Cotton Munger et al., 1998 Phenolog
Page 102 and 103:
Cotton © 1997: BASF AG
Page 104 and 105:
Peanut Munger et al., 1998a Phenolo
Page 106 and 107:
Peanut © 1997: BASF
Page 108 and 109:
Hop Rossbauer et al., 1995 Phenolog
Page 110 and 111:
Hop
Page 112 and 113:
Bulb vegetables Feller et al., 1995
Page 114 and 115:
Bulb vegetables © 1994: BBA und IV
Page 116 and 117:
Root and stem vegetables Feller et
Page 118 and 119:
Leaf vegetables (forming heads) Fel
Page 120 and 121:
Leaf vegetables (forming heads) Fel
Page 122 and 123:
Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)
Page 124 and 125:
Leaf vegetables (not forming heads)
Page 126 and 127:
Other brassica vegetables Feller et
Page 128 and 129:
Other brassica vegetables Feller et
Page 130 and 131:
Cucurbits Feller et al., 1995 b Phe
Page 132 and 133:
Cucurbits Feller et al., 1995 b Phe
Page 134 and 135:
Solanaceous fruits Feller et al., 1
Page 136 and 137:
Solanaceous fruits Feller et al., 1
Page 138 and 139:
Pea Weber and Bleiholder, 1990; Fel
Page 140 and 141:
Pea © 1994: BBA und IVA Stipule In
Page 142 and 143:
Bean Feller et al., 1995 b Phenolog
Page 144 and 145:
Bean © 1994: BBA und IVA
Page 146 and 147:
Weed species Hess et al., 1997 Phen
Page 148 and 149:
Weed species © 1997: BBA und IVA
Page 150 and 151:
Weed species
Page 152 and 153:
MUNGER, P., H. BLEIHOLDER, H. HACK,
Page 154 and 155:
BERNING, A., K. HEIN, L. KUNZE und
Page 156 and 157:
KELLER, C. und M. BAGGIOLINI, 1954:
Page 158:
SYLVESTER-BRADLEY, R., 1985: Revisi
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