electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters - Aaltodoc

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ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION 14 MMI Man-Machine Interface MMIC Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MMW Millimeter Wave MOD Ministry of Defense (or Defence) MOE Measure of Effectiveness Mpps Million pulses per second MRTD Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference ms millisecond MTF Modulation Transfer Function MTI Moving Target Indication MTV Magnesium Teflon Viton mv meter vertical MW Megawatt MWIR Medium-Wave Infrared, defined as 3-5 m in the present work MWS Missile Warning System M&S Modeling and Simulation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC Nuclear, Bacteriological, and Chemical Nd:GGG Neodymium doped Gadolinium Gallium Garnet Nd:YAG Neodymium doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet NIR Near-Infrared, defined as 0.7-0.92 m in the present work nm nautical mile NOE Nap-of-the-Earth NOTAR No Tail Rotor NSHP Nordic Standard Helicopter Program NVIS Night Vision OAR Open Air Range OODA Observe, Orient, Decide, Act OPO Optical Parametric Oscillator OR Operational/Operations Research ORD Operational Requirements Document OSINT Open Source Intelligence Oxygen O2 O3 Ozone PBO Post-Burnout PbS Lead Sulphide PbSe Lead Selenide PD Pulse Doppler PDW Pulse Descriptor Word PLAID Precision Location and Identification PN Proportional Navigation, Pseudonoise POI Probability of Intercept PPLN Periodically-Poled Lithium Niobate PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency PRI Pulse Repetition Interval PSO Peace Support Operation PtSi Platinum Silicide PW Pulse Width PZ Pickup Zone QWIP Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors RCS Radar Cross-Section RF Radio-Frequency RFI Radio-Frequency Interferometer RFJ Radio-Frequency Jammer RGPO Range Gate Pull-Off RMA Revolution in Military Affairs RMS Root Mean Square ROE Rules of Engagement
ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION 15 RPG Rocket Propelled Grenade rpm revolution per minute RTO (NATO) Research and Technology Organization RWR Radar Warning Receiver SA Situational Awareness S/A Semi-Active SAM Surface-to-Air Missile SAR Search and Rescue, Synthetic Aperture Radar SBA Simulation Based Acquisition S-band IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 2-4 GHz SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defense Si Silicon SIGINT Signal Intelligence SLB Sidelobe Blanking SLC Sidelobe Cancellation SORO Scan on Receive Only (cf. COSRO, LORO) SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SPAAG Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun sr steradian SSM Soft Systems Methodology S/T-rdr Search/Track Radar (separated as S-rdr, T-rdr) S&T Science and Technology SW Software SWIR Short-Wave Infrared, defined as 0.92-2.5 m in the present work STANAG (NATO) Standardization Agreement T&E Test and Evaluation TOA Time of Arrival TTG Time-to-Go TV Television TVM Track Via Missile TWT Traveling Wave Tube UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UHF Ultra High Frequency, IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 300-3000 MHz UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNMEE UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea US United States (of America) UV Ultraviolet UWB Ultra-Wide Bandwidth V-band IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 40-75 GHz VGPO Velocity Gate Pull-Off VHF Very High Frequency, IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 30-300 MHz VIP Very Important Person V&V Verification and Validation W Watt W-band IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 75-110 GHz WOW Weight on Wheel WWII World War II X-band IEEE Std TM 521-2002 designation for the frequency band 8-12 GHz YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet ZnS Zinc Sulfide ZnSe Zinc Selenide m micrometer µs microsecond
Page 1 and 2: Helsinki University of Technology,
Page 3 and 4: 3 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Page 5: 5 PREFACE Illis quorum meruere labo
Page 8 and 9: 8 3 THE OPERATIONAL SETTING .......
Page 10 and 11: 10 6.4 The top-down view on EWSP ..
Page 12 and 13: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION CCM Counte
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Incentive for th
Page 19 and 20: 19 According to Regev [Reg01] a fun
Page 21 and 22: 21 alternatives and their possible
Page 23 and 24: 23 The second cornerstone for the p
Page 25 and 26: 25 uninteresting to the layman. It
Page 27 and 28: 27 and application of the whole as
Page 29 and 30: 29 relevance to the holistic view.
Page 31: 1.4.4 Organization of the present w
Page 34 and 35: 34 The last objective, to “resolv
Page 36 and 37: 36 of their usability (Table 1). Ho
Page 38 and 39: 38 maps of the Axelrod type are use
Page 40 and 41: 2.3.7 Forrester system dynamics 40
Page 42 and 43: 42 its usefulness to the present wo
Page 44 and 45: 44 When judging the models and simu
Page 46 and 47: 46 reconnaissance role rotorcraft h
Page 48 and 49: 48 popularity over Clausewitz’, g
Page 50 and 51: 3.2.2 Helicopter operations and tac
Page 52 and 53: 52 Weapon Take-off and landing Tran
Page 54 and 55: 54 identification. Also, as a conse
Page 56 and 57: 56 Traditional survivability thinki
Page 58 and 59: 58 3.3.3 Additional considerations
Page 60 and 61: 60 As a conclusion on the discussio
Page 62 and 63: 3.4.2 Helicopter signatures 62 Tabl
Page 64 and 65:
3.4.3 Background signatures 64 NATU
Page 66 and 67:
3.4.5 Summary of phenomenology 66 T
Page 68 and 69:
4.1.2 Non-terminal threat systems 6
Page 70 and 71:
70 MBT to be the prominent killer o
Page 72 and 73:
Missile system Spectral wavelength
Page 74 and 75:
74 Aircraft rockets and guns Fixed-
Page 76 and 77:
76 Weapons technology relies ever m
Page 78 and 79:
78 alternatives is presented in App
Page 80 and 81:
80 Laser technology and guidance La
Page 82 and 83:
82 the attention had been on the S-
Page 84 and 85:
84 4.2.5 Threat technology developm
Page 86 and 87:
86 4.2.7 Conclusions and implicatio
Page 88 and 89:
88 RWR issue Contemplation Threat s
Page 90 and 91:
90 Laser warning receivers The chan
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92 guidance methods and classic ECM
Page 94 and 95:
94 EO countermeasures Some ideas ha
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Examples: - AN/ALQ-144A (US) - L-16
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98 Development of countermeasures f
Page 100 and 101:
100 countermeasures develop in para
Page 102 and 103:
5.2 Support factors 5.2.1 Support f
Page 104 and 105:
104 Figures 42 and 43 make it clear
Page 106 and 107:
Strategic/operational intelligence
Page 108 and 109:
108 fratricide, with one example be
Page 110 and 111:
110 continues throughout the missio
Page 112 and 113:
112 Platform installation is an eng
Page 114 and 115:
114 requires that the helicopter wi
Page 116 and 117:
116 M&S Ground tests OAR flight tes
Page 118 and 119:
118 Platform installation requires
Page 120 and 121:
120
Page 122 and 123:
122 Figure 58 reviews earlier discu
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124 One approach to susceptibility
Page 126 and 127:
126 Based on Figure 59, events last
Page 128 and 129:
HIERARCHY LEVELS Level 7: Strategic
Page 130 and 131:
130 6.5 Modeling the EWSP capabilit
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THREAT DEVELOPMENT DELAY threat dev
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6,000 3,000 0 Threats with CMs 134
Page 136 and 137:
136 3. The model becomes generic wh
Page 138 and 139:
138 6.6.2 Discussion on the Campaig
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140 The influence of EWSP is twofol
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142 Simulation Dynamic behavior Bas
Page 144 and 145:
144 6.7 Modeling the EWSP mission l
Page 146 and 147:
146 Figure 74: Text in figure. Figu
Page 148 and 149:
148 3. Cost-benefit considerations
Page 150 and 151:
150 In the next two simulations—S
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152 for simulations, but better dat
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154 By Definition 2 the survivabili
Page 156 and 157:
156 and 58), without which EWSP can
Page 158 and 159:
158 Chapters 3 through 5 are a syst
Page 160 and 161:
160 In conclusion, the insight gain
Page 162 and 163:
162 paradigm is the most viable alt
Page 164 and 165:
164 when modeling different EWSP sy
Page 166 and 167:
166 16. Ormondroyd, Richard, Profes
Page 168 and 169:
168 Anon95a Anonymous: Additional P
Page 170 and 171:
170 Bil02 Billingsley, D.: Choppers
Page 172 and 173:
172 Col99 Colucci, F.: Smart Surviv
Page 174 and 175:
174 Erw04 Erwin, S.: Army Rushes to
Page 176 and 177:
176 Gol87 Golden, A. jr.: Radar Ele
Page 178 and 179:
178 How90b Howell, G.T., McCord, J.
Page 180 and 181:
180 Kra92 Krabbendam, A.J.: System
Page 182 and 183:
182 Mil74 Miller, W.E. et al.: Beam
Page 184 and 185:
184 Pol97 Polmar, N., Allen, T.B.:
Page 186 and 187:
186 Ros03 Rosander, A.: Statusberä
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188 Ste98 Stevens, R. et al.: Syste
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190 Wil93b Wiley, R.G.: Electronic
Page 192 and 193:
192 APPENDIX 1: AUXILIARY FIGURES A
Page 194 and 195:
Details in Figure 1-1 Wavelength 10
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Sun: Strong emitter with approx. 60
Page 198 and 199:
Target IR detector 1 2 198 Prism 1
Page 200 and 201:
Separation from the aircraft Chaff
Page 202 and 203:
202 Type Table 1-1: IR DETECTORS De
Page 204 and 205:
204 Type Table 1-2b: SCANNING RF RE
Page 206 and 207:
CVR IFM Superheterodyne Channelized
Page 208 and 209:
208 Table 1-3: RADAR SELECTIVITY Se
Page 210 and 211:
Appendix 1, References 210 Ald02 Al
Page 212 and 213:
212 Sch86 Schleher, D.C.: Introduct
Page 214 and 215:
214 Parameters used in the Capabili
Page 216 and 217:
216 Parameter Value Motivation MAXI
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