electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters - Aaltodoc

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Distribution: Helsinki University of Technology Applied Electronics Laboratory P.O. Box 3000 FI-02015 TKK FINLAND Tel: +358-(0)9-451 2301 Fax: +358-(0)9-451 2307 http://www.hut.fi/Units/Electronics/ Online in PDF format: http://lib.hut.fi/Diss/2005/isbn9512275465/ E-mail: johnny.heikell@kolumbus.fi © Johnny Heikell ISBN 951-22-7545-7 (printed) ISBN 951-22-7546-5 (PDF) ISSN 1459-1111 Otamedia Oy Espoo 2005 2
3 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Author: Johnny Heikell ELECTRONIC WARFARE SELF-PROTECTION OF BATTLEFIELD HELICOPTERS: A HOLISTIC VIEW Date: 14.2.2005 Number of Pages: 217 Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering Professorship: S-66 Applied Electronics Supervisor: Professor Raimo Sepponen Instructor: N.N. The dissertation seeks to increase understanding of electronic warfare (EW) selfprotection (EWSP) of battlefield helicopters by taking a holistic (systems) view on EWSP. It also evaluates the methodologies used in the research and their suitability as descriptive tools in communication between various EWSP stakeholders. The interpretation of the term “holistic view” is a central theme to the dissertation. The research methodology is bottom-up—which is necessary since no previous work exists that could guide the study—and progresses from analysis to synthesis. Initially several methods are evaluated for presenting findings on EWSP, including high-level system simulation such as Forrester system dynamics (FSD). The analysis is conducted by a comprehensive literature review on EW and other areas that are believed to be of importance to the holistic view. Combat scenarios, intelligence, EW support, validation, training, and delays have major influence on the effectiveness of the EWSP suite; while the initial procurement decision on the EWSP suite sets limits to what can be achieved later. The need for a vast support structure for EWSP means that countries with limited intelligence and other resources become dependent on allies for support; that is, the question of EWSP effectiveness becomes political. The synthesis shows that a holistic view on EWSP of battlefield helicopters cannot be bounded in the temporal or hierarchical (organizational) senses. FSD is found to be helpful as a quality assurance tool, but refinements are needed if FSD is to be useful as a general discussion tool. The area of survivability is found to be the best match for the holistic view—for an EWSP suprasystem. A global survivability paradigm is defined as the ultimate holistic view on EWSP. It is suggested that future research should be top-down and aiming at promoting the global survivability paradigm. The survivability paradigm would give EWSP a natural framework in which its merits can be assessed objectively. Keywords: electronic warfare, self-protection, battlefield helicopter, survivability, susceptibility reduction, systems engineering, systems thinking, system dynamics
Page 1: Helsinki University of Technology,
Page 5: 5 PREFACE Illis quorum meruere labo
Page 8 and 9: 8 3 THE OPERATIONAL SETTING .......
Page 10 and 11: 10 6.4 The top-down view on EWSP ..
Page 12 and 13: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION CCM Counte
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION 14 MMI Man
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Incentive for th
Page 19 and 20: 19 According to Regev [Reg01] a fun
Page 21 and 22: 21 alternatives and their possible
Page 23 and 24: 23 The second cornerstone for the p
Page 25 and 26: 25 uninteresting to the layman. It
Page 27 and 28: 27 and application of the whole as
Page 29 and 30: 29 relevance to the holistic view.
Page 31: 1.4.4 Organization of the present w
Page 34 and 35: 34 The last objective, to “resolv
Page 36 and 37: 36 of their usability (Table 1). Ho
Page 38 and 39: 38 maps of the Axelrod type are use
Page 40 and 41: 2.3.7 Forrester system dynamics 40
Page 42 and 43: 42 its usefulness to the present wo
Page 44 and 45: 44 When judging the models and simu
Page 46 and 47: 46 reconnaissance role rotorcraft h
Page 48 and 49: 48 popularity over Clausewitz’, g
Page 50 and 51: 3.2.2 Helicopter operations and tac
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52 Weapon Take-off and landing Tran
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54 identification. Also, as a conse
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56 Traditional survivability thinki
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58 3.3.3 Additional considerations
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60 As a conclusion on the discussio
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3.4.2 Helicopter signatures 62 Tabl
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3.4.3 Background signatures 64 NATU
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3.4.5 Summary of phenomenology 66 T
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4.1.2 Non-terminal threat systems 6
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70 MBT to be the prominent killer o
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Missile system Spectral wavelength
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74 Aircraft rockets and guns Fixed-
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76 Weapons technology relies ever m
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78 alternatives is presented in App
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80 Laser technology and guidance La
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82 the attention had been on the S-
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84 4.2.5 Threat technology developm
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86 4.2.7 Conclusions and implicatio
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88 RWR issue Contemplation Threat s
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90 Laser warning receivers The chan
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92 guidance methods and classic ECM
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94 EO countermeasures Some ideas ha
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Examples: - AN/ALQ-144A (US) - L-16
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98 Development of countermeasures f
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100 countermeasures develop in para
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5.2 Support factors 5.2.1 Support f
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104 Figures 42 and 43 make it clear
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Strategic/operational intelligence
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108 fratricide, with one example be
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110 continues throughout the missio
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112 Platform installation is an eng
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114 requires that the helicopter wi
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116 M&S Ground tests OAR flight tes
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118 Platform installation requires
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120
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122 Figure 58 reviews earlier discu
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124 One approach to susceptibility
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126 Based on Figure 59, events last
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HIERARCHY LEVELS Level 7: Strategic
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130 6.5 Modeling the EWSP capabilit
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THREAT DEVELOPMENT DELAY threat dev
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6,000 3,000 0 Threats with CMs 134
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136 3. The model becomes generic wh
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138 6.6.2 Discussion on the Campaig
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140 The influence of EWSP is twofol
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142 Simulation Dynamic behavior Bas
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144 6.7 Modeling the EWSP mission l
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146 Figure 74: Text in figure. Figu
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148 3. Cost-benefit considerations
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150 In the next two simulations—S
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152 for simulations, but better dat
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154 By Definition 2 the survivabili
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156 and 58), without which EWSP can
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158 Chapters 3 through 5 are a syst
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160 In conclusion, the insight gain
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162 paradigm is the most viable alt
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164 when modeling different EWSP sy
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166 16. Ormondroyd, Richard, Profes
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168 Anon95a Anonymous: Additional P
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170 Bil02 Billingsley, D.: Choppers
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172 Col99 Colucci, F.: Smart Surviv
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174 Erw04 Erwin, S.: Army Rushes to
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176 Gol87 Golden, A. jr.: Radar Ele
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178 How90b Howell, G.T., McCord, J.
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180 Kra92 Krabbendam, A.J.: System
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182 Mil74 Miller, W.E. et al.: Beam
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184 Pol97 Polmar, N., Allen, T.B.:
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186 Ros03 Rosander, A.: Statusberä
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188 Ste98 Stevens, R. et al.: Syste
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190 Wil93b Wiley, R.G.: Electronic
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192 APPENDIX 1: AUXILIARY FIGURES A
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Details in Figure 1-1 Wavelength 10
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Sun: Strong emitter with approx. 60
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Target IR detector 1 2 198 Prism 1
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Separation from the aircraft Chaff
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202 Type Table 1-1: IR DETECTORS De
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204 Type Table 1-2b: SCANNING RF RE
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CVR IFM Superheterodyne Channelized
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208 Table 1-3: RADAR SELECTIVITY Se
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Appendix 1, References 210 Ald02 Al
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212 Sch86 Schleher, D.C.: Introduct
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214 Parameters used in the Capabili
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216 Parameter Value Motivation MAXI
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