electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters - Aaltodoc

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4 TEKNISKA HÖGSKOLAN REFERAT AV DOKTORSAVHANDLINGEN Utfört av: Johnny Heikell VARNINGS- OCH MOTMEDELSSYSTEM FÖR MILITÄRA HELIKOPTRAR: ETT HOLISTISKT PERSPEKTIV Datum: 14.2.2005 Sidoantal: 217 Avdelning: Elektro- och telekommunikationsteknik Professur: S-66 Tillämpad elektronik Övervakare: Professor Raimo Sepponen Handledare: N.N. Avhandlingen söker förbättra förståelsen för varnings- och motmedelssystem (VMS) för militära helikoptrar genom en holistisk (system-) syn på VMS-problematiken. Den evaluerar också de metoder som används i forskningen jämte deras användbarhet för kommunikation mellan olika VMS-intressegrupper. Tolkningen av begreppet ”holistiskt perspektiv” är ett centralt tema i avhandlingen. Forskningsmetodiken är bottom-up—vilket är nödvändigt eftersom det inte finns tidigare studier som kunde fungera som modell för arbetet—och går från analys till syntes. I inledningen evalueras några metoder för presentation av rön om VMS, inklusive högnivåsystemsimulation såsom Forresters systemdynamik (FSD). Analysen utförs som ett omfattande litteraturstudium inom området telekrig, samt inom andra områden som antas vara av betydelse för det holistiska perspektivet. Stridsscenarier, underrättelser, telekrigstöd, validering, utbildning, samt fördröjningar har en central betydelse för VMS-utrustningens effektivitet; medan de beslut som fattas i upphandlingsskedet sätter begränsningar för vad som kan åstadkommas senare. Behovet av ett stort stödsystem för VMS betyder att länder med begränsade underrättelse- och andra resurser blir beroende av allierade för stöd, vilket leder till att VMS-effektivitet får politiska konsekvenser. Syntesen visar att ett holistiskt perspektiv av VMS för militära helikoptrar inte kan begränsas i temporal eller hierarkisk (organisatorisk) mening. FSD befinnas vara av hjälp som ett kvalitetsredskap, men ytterligare utveckling krävs om FSD skall bli användbar som ett generellt diskussionsredskap. Överlevnadsförmåga är det område som bäst sammanfaller med idén om ett holistiskt perspektiv—ett VMS-suprasystem. Ett globalt överlevnadsparadigm bedöms vara den definitiva holistiska synen på VMS. Det rekommenderas att fortsatt forskning skall utföras top-down med strävan att vidareutveckla det globala överlevnadsparadigmet. Överlevnadsparadigmet skulle utgöra en naturlig hemvist för VMS, där dess meriter kan avvägas objektivt. Nyckelord: telekrig, varnings- och motmedelssystem, militär helikopter, överlevnad, reduktion av mottaglighet, systemteknik, systemtänkande, systemdynamik
5 PREFACE Illis quorum meruere labores Propertius Working on this dissertation for well over six years, I have mustered a deep sympathy for the following words by Raymond Aron: “(…) as Clausewitz repeatedly revises his treatise, he comes to a deeper understanding of his own ideas, but before his untimely death he brings fully developed insights to bear only upon the final revision of Chapter 1 of Book One (…)”. So much remains to be done, but if anything ever was to be published it had to be done so even with the feeling of dissatisfaction of an incomplete work. Although a doctoral dissertation is a very personal academic exertion, it is always the result of a community effort. Over the years I have received support from a great number of individuals and institutions, of whom the most critical are: Paavo Jääskeläinen, emeritus professor at Helsinki University of Technology, together with Sverre Slotte and Brita Kuula, retired instructors at Vasa Technical Institute. They helped me on the way to study radar engineering at the University of Kansas. My Jayhawk year was crucial for this work and I have fond memories of the Sunflower State, the city of Lawrence, and of KU. Lieutenant General (ret.) Heikki Tilander, my previous superior at the FDF Defense Staff (then Brigadier General), honored my wish to join the Army’s helicopter project—later the NSHP. Two years of discussions with colleagues, EW and helicopter manufacturers, and others during the NSHP program are deeply reflected in this work. Raimo Sepponen, professor Jääskeläinen’s successor, supervised the work and helped me in a major task by pinpointing the word “holistic”, and thus the title “Electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters, a holistic view” was born. The preliminary examiners of the dissertation were Dr Filippo Neri, VirtuaLabs s.r.l., Italy, and Dr Gustaf Olsson, FOI, Sweden. Their recommendation cleared the dissertation for publication. My wife Marianne was always supportive, even when the laptop was running although the house badly needed attention. I should of course not forget the role of my employer, the Finnish Defence Forces, who over the years has invested heavily in my training and supported this work. And finally a feeling of gratitude goes to the US Freedom of Information Act. My search for information has mostly turned up American sources—a good part of which are funded by the Pentagon. Without this policy of openness my dissertation would not have come true. To all those neither mentioned above nor acknowledged at the end of the text, I can only say: Thank you. Espoo 14 February 2005 Johnny Heikell
Page 1 and 2: Helsinki University of Technology,
Page 3: 3 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Page 8 and 9: 8 3 THE OPERATIONAL SETTING .......
Page 10 and 11: 10 6.4 The top-down view on EWSP ..
Page 12 and 13: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION CCM Counte
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION 14 MMI Man
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Incentive for th
Page 19 and 20: 19 According to Regev [Reg01] a fun
Page 21 and 22: 21 alternatives and their possible
Page 23 and 24: 23 The second cornerstone for the p
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Page 34 and 35: 34 The last objective, to “resolv
Page 36 and 37: 36 of their usability (Table 1). Ho
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54 identification. Also, as a conse
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56 Traditional survivability thinki
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58 3.3.3 Additional considerations
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60 As a conclusion on the discussio
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3.4.2 Helicopter signatures 62 Tabl
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3.4.3 Background signatures 64 NATU
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3.4.5 Summary of phenomenology 66 T
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4.1.2 Non-terminal threat systems 6
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70 MBT to be the prominent killer o
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Missile system Spectral wavelength
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74 Aircraft rockets and guns Fixed-
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76 Weapons technology relies ever m
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78 alternatives is presented in App
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80 Laser technology and guidance La
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82 the attention had been on the S-
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84 4.2.5 Threat technology developm
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86 4.2.7 Conclusions and implicatio
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88 RWR issue Contemplation Threat s
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90 Laser warning receivers The chan
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92 guidance methods and classic ECM
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94 EO countermeasures Some ideas ha
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Examples: - AN/ALQ-144A (US) - L-16
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98 Development of countermeasures f
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100 countermeasures develop in para
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5.2 Support factors 5.2.1 Support f
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104 Figures 42 and 43 make it clear
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Strategic/operational intelligence
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108 fratricide, with one example be
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110 continues throughout the missio
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112 Platform installation is an eng
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114 requires that the helicopter wi
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116 M&S Ground tests OAR flight tes
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118 Platform installation requires
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120
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122 Figure 58 reviews earlier discu
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124 One approach to susceptibility
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126 Based on Figure 59, events last
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HIERARCHY LEVELS Level 7: Strategic
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130 6.5 Modeling the EWSP capabilit
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THREAT DEVELOPMENT DELAY threat dev
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6,000 3,000 0 Threats with CMs 134
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136 3. The model becomes generic wh
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138 6.6.2 Discussion on the Campaig
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140 The influence of EWSP is twofol
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142 Simulation Dynamic behavior Bas
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144 6.7 Modeling the EWSP mission l
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146 Figure 74: Text in figure. Figu
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148 3. Cost-benefit considerations
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150 In the next two simulations—S
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152 for simulations, but better dat
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154 By Definition 2 the survivabili
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156 and 58), without which EWSP can
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158 Chapters 3 through 5 are a syst
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160 In conclusion, the insight gain
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162 paradigm is the most viable alt
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164 when modeling different EWSP sy
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166 16. Ormondroyd, Richard, Profes
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168 Anon95a Anonymous: Additional P
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170 Bil02 Billingsley, D.: Choppers
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172 Col99 Colucci, F.: Smart Surviv
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174 Erw04 Erwin, S.: Army Rushes to
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176 Gol87 Golden, A. jr.: Radar Ele
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178 How90b Howell, G.T., McCord, J.
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180 Kra92 Krabbendam, A.J.: System
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182 Mil74 Miller, W.E. et al.: Beam
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184 Pol97 Polmar, N., Allen, T.B.:
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186 Ros03 Rosander, A.: Statusberä
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188 Ste98 Stevens, R. et al.: Syste
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190 Wil93b Wiley, R.G.: Electronic
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192 APPENDIX 1: AUXILIARY FIGURES A
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Details in Figure 1-1 Wavelength 10
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Sun: Strong emitter with approx. 60
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Target IR detector 1 2 198 Prism 1
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Separation from the aircraft Chaff
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202 Type Table 1-1: IR DETECTORS De
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204 Type Table 1-2b: SCANNING RF RE
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CVR IFM Superheterodyne Channelized
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208 Table 1-3: RADAR SELECTIVITY Se
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Appendix 1, References 210 Ald02 Al
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212 Sch86 Schleher, D.C.: Introduct
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214 Parameters used in the Capabili
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216 Parameter Value Motivation MAXI
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