electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters - Aaltodoc

More documents

Recommendations

Info

8 3 THE OPERATIONAL SETTING ..................................................................45 3.1 Helicopters and armed conflicts..................................................................45 3.1.1 Development of battlefield helicopters ......................................................................45 3.1.2 Strengths of helicopters ..............................................................................................45 3.1.3 Weaknesses of helicopters ..........................................................................................46 3.1.4 Development trends.....................................................................................................46 3.1.5 Conclusions on helicopters .........................................................................................47 3.2 The battlefield ...............................................................................................47 3.2.1 Conflicts and threats ...................................................................................................47 3.2.2 Helicopter operations and tactics...............................................................................50 3.2.3 Conclusions and implications for EWSP...................................................................53 3.3 Survivability ..................................................................................................54 3.3.1 Review of survivability concepts ................................................................................54 3.3.2 Susceptibility................................................................................................................56 3.3.3 Additional considerations on survivability................................................................58 3.3.4 Conclusions and implications for EWSP...................................................................60 3.4 Phenomenology .............................................................................................61 3.4.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................61 3.4.2 Helicopter signatures ..................................................................................................62 3.4.3 Background signatures ...............................................................................................64 3.4.4 Threat signatures.........................................................................................................65 3.4.5 Summary of phenomenology......................................................................................66 3.5 Conclusions on the operational setting .......................................................66 4 THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURES ....................................................67 4.1 Threat systems ..............................................................................................67 4.1.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................67 4.1.2 Non-terminal threat systems ......................................................................................68 4.1.3 Terminal threats: static systems ................................................................................69 4.1.4 Terminal threats: mobile systems ..............................................................................69 Small arms fire and RPGs.......................................................................................................69 Artillery and MBTs.................................................................................................................69 Anti-aircraft guns and SPAAGs..............................................................................................70 Missiles...................................................................................................................................71 Aircraft rockets and guns........................................................................................................74 Directed energy weapons........................................................................................................74 4.1.5 Terminal threats: propagators and fuzes..................................................................75 4.1.6 Threat system development trends ............................................................................75 4.1.7 Conclusions and implications for EWSP...................................................................76 4.2 Threat technology .........................................................................................77 4.2.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................77 4.2.2 EO sensors....................................................................................................................77 IR sensor and seeker technology.............................................................................................77 Laser technology and guidance...............................................................................................80 4.2.3 RF sensors....................................................................................................................81 4.2.4 Threat timelines...........................................................................................................83 4.2.5 Threat technology development trends .....................................................................84 4.2.6 Opportunities for electronic countermeasures .........................................................85 4.2.7 Conclusions and implications for EWSP...................................................................86
9 4.3 EWSP countermeasure technology.............................................................86 4.3.1 The scope of EWSP countermeasure technology......................................................86 4.3.2 Warning system technology........................................................................................87 General requirements on warning systems .............................................................................87 Radar warning receivers .........................................................................................................87 Missile warning systems.........................................................................................................89 Laser warning receivers..........................................................................................................90 4.3.3 Countermeasure technology.......................................................................................90 General requirements on countermeasures .............................................................................90 RF countermeasures................................................................................................................91 EO countermeasures ...............................................................................................................94 4.3.4 Warning and countermeasure development trends and issues ...............................97 4.3.5 Extended discussion on threats and countermeasures.............................................99 4.3.6 Conclusions on EWSP countermeasure technology .................................................99 4.4 Conclusions on threats and countermeasures..........................................100 5 EWSP SYSTEMS AND SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS.........................101 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................101 5.2 Support factors............................................................................................102 5.2.1 Support functions ......................................................................................................102 Intelligence ...........................................................................................................................102 EW support center ................................................................................................................104 Mission planning and execution ...........................................................................................105 The EWSP life cycle.............................................................................................................107 5.2.2 Aircrew factors ..........................................................................................................107 5.2.3 Decision-making on EWSP.......................................................................................108 5.2.4 Conclusions on support functions............................................................................109 5.3 EWSP systems factors ................................................................................110 5.3.1 EWSP architecture and aircraft installation ..........................................................110 5.3.2 Validation and verification.......................................................................................112 Definitions ............................................................................................................................112 Verification...........................................................................................................................113 Validation .............................................................................................................................113 Modeling and simulation ......................................................................................................114 Test and evaluation ...............................................................................................................115 Aircrew training....................................................................................................................117 5.3.3 Conclusions on EWSP systems factors....................................................................117 5.4 Interactions and quantification .................................................................118 5.4.1 Interactions ................................................................................................................118 5.4.2 Quantification............................................................................................................119 5.5 Conclusions on EWSP systems and support issues .................................119 6 SYNTHESIS OF THE HOLISTIC VIEW ...................................................121 6.1 The legacy of earlier chapters....................................................................121 6.2 Aspects of holism in the EWSP context ....................................................124 6.2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................124 6.2.2 Temporal bounds ......................................................................................................124 6.2.3 Hierarchic bounds.....................................................................................................126 6.2.4 The fallacy of the bounded time/hierarchy domain ...............................................126 6.3 Revisiting the tentative idea for the present work...................................128
Page 1 and 2: Helsinki University of Technology,
Page 3 and 4: 3 HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Page 5: 5 PREFACE Illis quorum meruere labo
Page 10 and 11: 10 6.4 The top-down view on EWSP ..
Page 12 and 13: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION CCM Counte
Page 14 and 15: ABBREVIATION DESCRIPTION 14 MMI Man
Page 17 and 18: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Incentive for th
Page 19 and 20: 19 According to Regev [Reg01] a fun
Page 21 and 22: 21 alternatives and their possible
Page 23 and 24: 23 The second cornerstone for the p
Page 25 and 26: 25 uninteresting to the layman. It
Page 27 and 28: 27 and application of the whole as
Page 29 and 30: 29 relevance to the holistic view.
Page 31: 1.4.4 Organization of the present w
Page 34 and 35: 34 The last objective, to “resolv
Page 36 and 37: 36 of their usability (Table 1). Ho
Page 38 and 39: 38 maps of the Axelrod type are use
Page 40 and 41: 2.3.7 Forrester system dynamics 40
Page 42 and 43: 42 its usefulness to the present wo
Page 44 and 45: 44 When judging the models and simu
Page 46 and 47: 46 reconnaissance role rotorcraft h
Page 48 and 49: 48 popularity over Clausewitz’, g
Page 50 and 51: 3.2.2 Helicopter operations and tac
Page 52 and 53: 52 Weapon Take-off and landing Tran
Page 54 and 55: 54 identification. Also, as a conse
Page 56 and 57: 56 Traditional survivability thinki
Page 58 and 59:
58 3.3.3 Additional considerations
Page 60 and 61:
60 As a conclusion on the discussio
Page 62 and 63:
3.4.2 Helicopter signatures 62 Tabl
Page 64 and 65:
3.4.3 Background signatures 64 NATU
Page 66 and 67:
3.4.5 Summary of phenomenology 66 T
Page 68 and 69:
4.1.2 Non-terminal threat systems 6
Page 70 and 71:
70 MBT to be the prominent killer o
Page 72 and 73:
Missile system Spectral wavelength
Page 74 and 75:
74 Aircraft rockets and guns Fixed-
Page 76 and 77:
76 Weapons technology relies ever m
Page 78 and 79:
78 alternatives is presented in App
Page 80 and 81:
80 Laser technology and guidance La
Page 82 and 83:
82 the attention had been on the S-
Page 84 and 85:
84 4.2.5 Threat technology developm
Page 86 and 87:
86 4.2.7 Conclusions and implicatio
Page 88 and 89:
88 RWR issue Contemplation Threat s
Page 90 and 91:
90 Laser warning receivers The chan
Page 92 and 93:
92 guidance methods and classic ECM
Page 94 and 95:
94 EO countermeasures Some ideas ha
Page 96 and 97:
Examples: - AN/ALQ-144A (US) - L-16
Page 98 and 99:
98 Development of countermeasures f
Page 100 and 101:
100 countermeasures develop in para
Page 102 and 103:
5.2 Support factors 5.2.1 Support f
Page 104 and 105:
104 Figures 42 and 43 make it clear
Page 106 and 107:
Strategic/operational intelligence
Page 108 and 109:
108 fratricide, with one example be
Page 110 and 111:
110 continues throughout the missio
Page 112 and 113:
112 Platform installation is an eng
Page 114 and 115:
114 requires that the helicopter wi
Page 116 and 117:
116 M&S Ground tests OAR flight tes
Page 118 and 119:
118 Platform installation requires
Page 120 and 121:
120
Page 122 and 123:
122 Figure 58 reviews earlier discu
Page 124 and 125:
124 One approach to susceptibility
Page 126 and 127:
126 Based on Figure 59, events last
Page 128 and 129:
HIERARCHY LEVELS Level 7: Strategic
Page 130 and 131:
130 6.5 Modeling the EWSP capabilit
Page 132 and 133:
THREAT DEVELOPMENT DELAY threat dev
Page 134 and 135:
6,000 3,000 0 Threats with CMs 134
Page 136 and 137:
136 3. The model becomes generic wh
Page 138 and 139:
138 6.6.2 Discussion on the Campaig
Page 140 and 141:
140 The influence of EWSP is twofol
Page 142 and 143:
142 Simulation Dynamic behavior Bas
Page 144 and 145:
144 6.7 Modeling the EWSP mission l
Page 146 and 147:
146 Figure 74: Text in figure. Figu
Page 148 and 149:
148 3. Cost-benefit considerations
Page 150 and 151:
150 In the next two simulations—S
Page 152 and 153:
152 for simulations, but better dat
Page 154 and 155:
154 By Definition 2 the survivabili
Page 156 and 157:
156 and 58), without which EWSP can
Page 158 and 159:
158 Chapters 3 through 5 are a syst
Page 160 and 161:
160 In conclusion, the insight gain
Page 162 and 163:
162 paradigm is the most viable alt
Page 164 and 165:
164 when modeling different EWSP sy
Page 166 and 167:
166 16. Ormondroyd, Richard, Profes
Page 168 and 169:
168 Anon95a Anonymous: Additional P
Page 170 and 171:
170 Bil02 Billingsley, D.: Choppers
Page 172 and 173:
172 Col99 Colucci, F.: Smart Surviv
Page 174 and 175:
174 Erw04 Erwin, S.: Army Rushes to
Page 176 and 177:
176 Gol87 Golden, A. jr.: Radar Ele
Page 178 and 179:
178 How90b Howell, G.T., McCord, J.
Page 180 and 181:
180 Kra92 Krabbendam, A.J.: System
Page 182 and 183:
182 Mil74 Miller, W.E. et al.: Beam
Page 184 and 185:
184 Pol97 Polmar, N., Allen, T.B.:
Page 186 and 187:
186 Ros03 Rosander, A.: Statusberä
Page 188 and 189:
188 Ste98 Stevens, R. et al.: Syste
Page 190 and 191:
190 Wil93b Wiley, R.G.: Electronic
Page 192 and 193:
192 APPENDIX 1: AUXILIARY FIGURES A
Page 194 and 195:
Details in Figure 1-1 Wavelength 10
Page 196 and 197:
Sun: Strong emitter with approx. 60
Page 198 and 199:
Target IR detector 1 2 198 Prism 1
Page 200 and 201:
Separation from the aircraft Chaff
Page 202 and 203:
202 Type Table 1-1: IR DETECTORS De
Page 204 and 205:
204 Type Table 1-2b: SCANNING RF RE
Page 206 and 207:
CVR IFM Superheterodyne Channelized
Page 208 and 209:
208 Table 1-3: RADAR SELECTIVITY Se
Page 210 and 211:
Appendix 1, References 210 Ald02 Al
Page 212 and 213:
212 Sch86 Schleher, D.C.: Introduct
Page 214 and 215:
214 Parameters used in the Capabili
Page 216 and 217:
216 Parameter Value Motivation MAXI
show all

electronic warfare self-protection of battlefield helicopters - Aaltodoc

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?