The EffĘcts of In Partial 3ėĄLfil1n€nt of Tle B€qüireûents for Eh ...

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pr axj-s . At the higher-crd€r ccntrol syst€Bs thê control signal {ni) rân be experlmentaty aIplj-ed. or reftoved relative to the state- space re lat€¡ .iiscreFaÐcy display.Thj-s sj"gnal is applieð o!€r a¡d abcve the ¡estoriag forces esse¡tial in the a¡rtÕ-detêrûinÉd stal,ilj-zation of perfo¡- ¡na:lcê. Uathematically, it is ilpi/di=gi lPi, Pii +di (r) +ni í4i n: is ge¡era.l1y b j.nary {0,cr 1l ,ccaforning "{ith optima.lity priacipl€ €f ccrltlcl cr ,rbang-bangrt co¡trol {Tûfirvic, 1966) . Eriefly, th€ baag-barg crnt.rol- action ipi, pi) ut j"lizes strategi.caì switcàing in and Õut of mi in such a raï as to mak€ tbe conditic¡ed action nost rapid a¡d stab.l-e.Às the trajectory int€rsects ths sHj.tching .1iïie, cortect.iÐnal üi is activaÈ€d. The positia! and the asqle of the suitcTì-ng line describes the ccntrol policy in forc€. {A vertj.cal sr.itching Linê neâns that mi uill be appli.ed ¡hen er¡or index pj" has €xceeded a tolêrated l-evel, an cbligue l-ile statês that thê derivative pi, or a.ûtj-cipêtion is incl-{¡d€d in the p oc€ss of conÈrol decj-sio¡.Thè optinal- control policy caa be de¡ived nathe- naticallÏ for a. slstÈn i"f we ¡
the un knar¿n €q uaiio¡s. l{heÐ tbe ãpplication ci ni {corrèctional aclio¡s} is mad.e f unctioDa:.ly d€penðênt c¡ a segnent of trajectôry { a finite historl¡ of a bêha't)ioural sys+-ea),t.hê principle of optime-Lity plays a ¡c1e i¡ t.he ccotrol pûliÕy {that regulate çerfornance about a reference pt. j.n i.ts stat€-space) " It dèr thj.s canditiÕn, the quailrat.ic crit- erio¡ is sëd to introduecê an integral e{uation lrhich is ¡ecessary tc cÐmpute the value cf rang€s of T oÍer vhich r¡i .is i¡ action. {Note:tàe guaalratic cr:têr'ion statês that a func tion F {Pi+Pi) of the sguared radius v€ctcr dëscribed tly lhe systen about thê orig:i.n shculd be æj.Ðinizëal or held to a set v¿Lue ove¡ ð traj€ctory s€gEent). The ccncept ci opti[ality p::ovides a vital arid qualitative underst.nnd:ag of systen oscillations. Ðasêd €n thè Ha]-âszian !ìodç1 of behaviour, a condi- tionsd hôflit is defin€d by a policy of control over skill-eal neurcmuscu].ar pexfornanc€. As:suchrthè eguations {4) and {5} repr€sent one of the statês of the skil1 ldhich Bay fluctuatê over tiì¡€. To d€scribê nore fir11y tbë ski-1"1, together ¡¡iih its variations, the for¡ls af eguaticns (4) and {5} must paranet.ricaLly ¡ê dêpeììilent on state variablà-s sk=1....n 249
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U¡I IV EIì SIT T Og }lANTTI]BII T
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To Dr, Terrence p. Hogan, r4rhose d
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J. gÉcJrtyr€, D¡. V. fia¡rl.j-
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4851RÀCT îJsieg the ccncêpÈ j-n
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ChaFter 1 nêvies of l,i t€ ra tu
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espons€ perfcrmaîce {Battig ,tos
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tail cf thê nuclèus. Kenp speciti
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espons€ lia various experimentê1
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iûemory of t Le di¡ecticnal cr€
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Test Açparatus. ]n the :rbait€dt
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sho!¡eC that (1) botà bilat.€ra
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aJìd prefrontal; Éost.erior caud
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oo.re plecise descríptj-cn cf tiì
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contrary to Èhê seco:ìd 1ësicn.
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enalns. Witä proLcnged stirula¿io
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Effects Õf tbe stiflìulaticn .n t
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vioural a:ìd êlect_rophysiolcgica
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ately iollcw:.ng ti¡û€ cut of t
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they i¡¡bi.b!t dif f erent behavi
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dê1ayêd respÕ]]se ¡aìd t€epo
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subjec t s. üiles { t96q) rê}ûrt
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¡ent in th task. Th€ se"êrj-t.y
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fashioD. Ècberts stat€d tbat tbe
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ather then thÐ reflex apparatus of
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perforn certaiD tasks. IhÈf shô*
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t_EÀ Dff ¡ìÞ llr TBE TIi TS SlT
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Frgura 2. À schenìatic diagram Ð
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the latter flill- carse a i¡crease
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a1l Ss {Hhj.ttiert Orx,1962), follo
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tion , a iailu¡e to rêspond durin
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. BE,HAVIORAL G ) MEASURE _ _ ___J
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¡xp€riaental aesign: the ¡€la
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Èxpêrieê¡tal sessicn conpris€
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PSOCTDIJS! A. Delayed Conditj_on€
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Du.ring surgêrl, a scalp vas used
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a1 prûcedures lierê doûe j.r¡ t
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thê last pre-operativ€ day aåd
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considë¡aticì. .fôr a rdor€ d
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HhÊn thê sìlFerimposed .I/0 coDr
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actiyity colr:tter êtc, Ss j-! the
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Figure 4, t{ean of the totaL nueber
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Sigurs 5. l{€an of a) total l€v
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Íigure 6. ïhe n€an Ëespc¡s€
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3ì-gure ?. ThË d.if ferÈ¡ce pto
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figurê 8. Þ- plot of the H CD on
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Figurè 9" the phese p].ane repr€
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Yigure 10, The phase diagran Õf be
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-lP coO DP/DT i.60 (t-- -c I (t o -
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.a r O< co,
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.00 16 .00 B l. 00 T ( ÞAYJ
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î ) r(, tlJ I F = U) J I t rd o ul
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last t'¡o ti$ê blocks. These resu
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shorte¡ 1at€nciês ,the trajêct
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(n td (n z. o o_ U) td É. J t-o F
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CAUDATE OPERATED CONTROL N=5 :::[ -
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Þro; - prl d. 00 0. 20 0. q0 -t C)
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acLti+l',àn af t/o & rest svrger¡
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ç ô F
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_1 3ã coF
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a F Ë .9. ô DPlDT 0. ûrl o) -J -
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-0.12 -0.10 -0. 0B DPlDT -0. 06 -0.
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oB jo- 10/¿c
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perrfìanent-l'y êtaxicrthough t¡
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êspo¡sÈ of the slstem flas Colì
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¡igure 24. l{ealì of tatal nünb
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figure 25. The mêan of a) totâl l
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Figure 26. The ean respors€ laten
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Figure 2?. Th€. differ€ncê Fl-
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figurë 28. P Flot Õf Ð-1 syst€
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',' O< O¿I æF
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16'r.00 2t..00 url.00 I'i. 00 T ( D
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0uaJ o/1 {î foÍaÚ'¡z-\ I .sJ ¿
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h0'0- IA/ ¿C
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.n,vd, oJ t/o I, 1.68 P
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LAST DAY ON DCA €-o CEREBELLAR SS
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ìu$ber of rei¡forc€d 1€ver F
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figure 35. Beans o'f altst-al lever
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fj-guEê 36. Thê ¡Þêa¡¡ respo
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Figurê 37. P{0}-P{T) plct cf !-r c
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Figur-- 38. P plct of ¡-I C an DC
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Fígure 39 P flot of t-.tr c group
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Figure 40 P plot of D-I c grcup ait
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Pigure 41. Phase repres€ìtation
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figure 42. Phase diagraB Ð{ t-f c
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figure .43. Phasè diagram of Ð-I
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GÊOüP V the group sÍtå bilatera
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Pr€-operat j,qely the r€sFo¡se
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FiguEê 49. Aciívity levêl of fro
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figure 45. geans of total- I}r bÊr
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I'igure 46. Effects of 2.5eg/r'kg d
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Figure 4?. Þlean resporse låt€n
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Figure ¡¡8. Ðiffer+nce plot I {0
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Figüre 49. F pl-ot of th€ frcrta
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'rigure 50" Phasè pla¡ìe reFrese
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figure 51. P plot cf frÕntâl €y
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figure 52. P plot of Érontal syst
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figure 53. Phas€ dLagrâm .f lron
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figure 54, lesioning. focüs around
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gigure 55. EltinctiÕn curv€s of
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GRoUP v.r the group *ith bil-at€r
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Sj.gure 56" The neans of a) tctaL l
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Figure 5?. ¡leân r€sponse lat
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Figurê 58. titferÈnce plct of the
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FiguEe 59. P çlot of the frontal s
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¡'igu¡e 60. F plot cf the troãta
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Figlrre 61. ? plct of the systeû s
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-!l: _l O ne tnt 0. 00
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¿ 09'1 I P O n) I P O F tl rcl 1\
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cRoup vIT t*e qxoup ¡{ith bilãt
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initial ¡egât:i-ve relative èrro
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Y I LIJ II-þ ö P CD control n-3 m
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(n L] (n ;Z o o_ (Ð Ld r J F o F [
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1 () Ld 2 No Coireclionol Input C)
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D I 'T: I - f tlJ 5-00 P r0) 3. 00
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Tigure 68, P f lo+- of P CD systen
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liEurë 59. P pl-ct oÍ P CD systë
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figutre 70. thas€ plar¡e rep.res
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figurê ?1. thase d.iagraûr e1èct
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gigurê ?2. phase d j.agxam of P C
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Figure 73. trxtj.!ìction cqrÌes o
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GROI¡P VIII the group ljith shan l
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predomi.natj-ng forc: Õf erti.ncti
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U) l! U) z o o- U) ¡.rJ E. J F o F
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t Þ c õ' J g (D
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_ P (T] 0-20 0.40 P (0) c0. 00
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Fågure ?8. P llût of P cX C pcior
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fÍgure 79. P plot cf P cD c subsê
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Íigure 80" Phase dj-agra! cf P CÐ
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yígure 81. ?hâs€ diagran of p C
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GAOü.P VIITI the norcal control gr
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p].ots of the N group bêfcr€ and
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figure 84. th€ seans af al cèal
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Figure 85. T!€ úean resçcnsê l
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figure 86, The diff€Ë€nc€ pl
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giEure 87. P p1Ðt af the ncrnaì s
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FigurÐ 88. I plot of the Bor¡ìal
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Figure 89. .P Flot of the rìornal
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Figure 90. Phase diagran of the nor
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figurê 9'l . Phesê ðiagraB ci th
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Figüre 92. Phase plaae represenr-a
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N TS ü1,Ì S: THB IiISTOI.OGÏCÀL
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Th€ s€ct j-cns of the corpus c
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Du€ tc the closeness of thê l*si
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quadrant j.n th. right heaisçh€x
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the lesianing cuErent prcdüceü a
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figure 93. Ðiagrannìatj.c rÊpr+s
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Ðj-agra$ Ð. À diagran ct a braiq
Page 303 and 304: Ðiagram c.À diagran Ðf a brain s
Page 305 and 306: Diagran 8. Ðiagraus cf brai¡ spec
Page 307 and 308: Ðiagran À. A diagEar!ì af a bila
Page 309 and 310: '1:' t" rat # 85, sJ-ide -/ Z,area
Page 311 and 312: at ,# 51 , slide 1J point of entry
Page 313 and 314: _. \- I ¡ s lid.e ;f 14 slide # 15
Page 315 and 316: Ea-. ¡at # 81, slide t' 4 rat ,.f
Page 317 and 318: tu¡€s. Co¡ìsequently àher€
Page 319 and 320: Ï/Ð ccntf,c1. Iio*eveE,i-h€ beh
Page 321 and 322: voluntary u¡skil-I€d movenênts
Page 323 and 324: nê¡nely tàê ahility -tro dêIay
Page 325 and 326: The post-oFerative testíng sèssio
Page 327 and 328: a!. d Erocks al-l- i.np1i*d th€ e
Page 329 and 330: REFTASNCES âtlEian, E.Ð. After€
Page 331 and 332: Inhibitcry ¡esponses to Lasal- gan
Page 333 and 334: disordârs ct mcvement.I.cndo¡:Oxf
Page 335 and 336: çross,C,Ð. Ccnpar j.sc¡ Ði thê
Page 337 and 338: llarren E AN€rt{€ds.},T}€ Frc
Page 339 and 340: of T €C€At ne sì or y a n å m
Page 341 and 342: Nautard.J.¡l . Sc ìê etfereat cc
Page 343 and 344: York: Ap FL€tcn-C€ntury cEsf ts
Page 345 and 346: Toaonicr!Ì. :¡tlo. to nonlirìear
Page 347 and 348: ÀPFTNDI T 1
Page 349 and 350: tla lasz u se d the e.lastic spring
Page 351 and 352: index is conput€d âad fêd ¡ack
Page 353: tendencj.es cf a freqre¡cy distrib
Page 357 and 358: statistical êstimaticr, !chich doe
Page 359 and 360: ¿n9 of the bêhavioural systens lo
Page 361 and 362: nois€s/cont an anants. ovÊraIl.,
Page 363: CEREEEI-LUM IVlOTOR ÜCRTEX CONTROL
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The EffĘcts of In Partial 3ėĄLfil1n€nt of Tle B€qüireûents for Eh ...

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