Promotion

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INTRODUCTION 7 Delamothe, T. (2005) Get happy – its good for you, British Medical Journal, 331: 1489–90. Friedli, L., Maxwell, M., McCollam, A. and Woodhouse, A. (2004) Evidence into Practice: Evaluating Mental Health Improvement Interventions. Edinburgh: Scottish Development Centre for Mental Health. Health Education Authority (1997) Promoting Mental Health: Older People, World Mental Health Day Fact Sheet. London: Health Education Authority. Korkeila, J., Lehtinen, V., Bijl, R. et al. (2003) Establishing a set of mental health indicators for Europe, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 31: 451–9. Mentality (2003) Mental Health Promotion: Current Debates. Available at: http:// www.mentality.org.uk/services/promotion (accessed 8 January 2006). National electronic Library for Health (2004) Mental health promotion: know-how that works, Specialist Library, Mental Health. Available at: http://rms.nelh.nhs.uk/mental- Health/default (accessed 8 January 2006). Rankin, J. (2005) Mental Health in the Mainstream. London: Institute for Public Policy Research. Scottish Executive (2003) National Programme for Improving Mental Health and Well-Being. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive. Secker, J. (1998) Current conceptualizations of mental health and mental health promotion, Health Education Research, 13(1): 57–66. Seedhouse, D. (2002) Total Health Promotion: Mental Health, Rational Fields and the Quest for Autonomy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. WHO European Ministerial Conference on Mental Health (2005) Mental Health Action Plan for Europe: Facing the Challenges, Building Solutions. Helsinki: World Health Organisation. World Health Organisation (2001) Strengthening Mental Health Promotion. Helsinki: World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www,who.int/inf-fs/en/fact220.html (accessed 15 February 2002). World Health Organisation (2004a) Prevention of Mental Disorders. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organisation (2004b) Promoting Mental Health: Concepts – Emerging Evidence. Geneva: WHO in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth) and the University of Melbourne.
2 What is mental health? Glenn MacDonald Editors’ foreword The question, ‘What is mental health?’ has been debated across disciplines, among politicians and by those who have experienced ‘mental ill health’. In order to understand mental health promotion, in what way it is effective and how we might apply it in our practice we need to understand first the different perspectives of mental health and mental well-being. This chapter considers the range of approaches to mental health, the distinctions and similarities between mental health, mental well-being and mental illness and the ongoing philosophical debate regarding mental health. The author does not attempt to provide a definitive answer to, ‘What is mental health?’ but offers a challenging and perhaps slightly controversial perspective on the debates. The chapter starts with a discussion about terminology and goes on to consider this in a cultural context. Theoretical concepts are explored next and the chapter concludes with a discussion about the measurement of mental health. The chapter provides a challenging starting point for Chapter 3 on mental health promotion. Introduction There is no succinct and universally agreed answer to this question. Some people feel that there should be a clear and unequivocal answer and have developed strategies for improving mental health based on this assumption. Others argue against what they see as a simplistic and reductionist 1 view and claim that mental health is a complex and relative issue that cannot be easily defined or treated in the same objective fashion as, say, physical ailments and disorders. The aim of this chapter is to help develop an understanding of mental health and to sort through some of the claims and arguments that have been made. In doing so, we need to remember that arguments to do with mental health and illness – what they are, how they are improved and how they are damaged – are not trivial, academic or abstract, but central to people’s everyday lives. An important starting point is to acknowledge the strength and depth of emotion involved. Many writers report the all-pervading effects on an individual’s personal and social life when mental health falls short of what is needed to cope (for example,
Page 1 and 2: Mental Health Promotion A LIFESPAN
Page 4 and 5: Mental Health Promotion A Lifespan
Page 6 and 7: Contents List of figures, tables an
Page 8 and 9: LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES v
Page 10: LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ix Support Str
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Page 16 and 17: Acknowledgements First our thanks g
Page 18 and 19: 1 Introduction Mima Cattan Mental h
Page 20 and 21: INTRODUCTION 3 ‘resilience’,
Page 22 and 23: INTRODUCTION 5 Secker (1998: 64) su
Page 26 and 27: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 9 Lazarus 19
Page 28 and 29: so resources are concentrated or di
Page 30 and 31: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 13 What is s
Page 32 and 33: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 15 this worl
Page 34 and 35: Theories of mental health Resilienc
Page 36 and 37: He argued that this making sense wa
Page 38 and 39: 1 The basic needs of food, drink, s
Page 40 and 41: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 23 between e
Page 42 and 43: Table 2.1 Comparison of theories re
Page 44 and 45: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 27 the cultu
Page 46 and 47: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 29 Antonovsk
Page 48 and 49: WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH? 31 Marmot, M
Page 50 and 51: 3 Mental health promotion Sylvia Ti
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Page 54 and 55: • Building alliances for health a
Page 56 and 57: MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 39 health p
Page 58 and 59: MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 41 example,
Page 60 and 61: Moving beyond definitions there hav
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Page 64 and 65: educe, in time, the overall levels
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MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 57 behaviou
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Box 3.5 Some summary questions for
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MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 61 Health P
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MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 63 WHO (199
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differing areas of life. In most We
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Box 4.1 Summary points on children
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issue is the promotion of the menta
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 71 Culture an
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 73 have been
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Physical environmental influences T
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identified. For example, License (2
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Extensive national and local levels
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programme addressing the inter-rela
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Box 4.7 Living in a Home Zone and c
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 85 were less
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Anti-bullying interventions There h
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age children are concerned the WHO
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children would be told they were va
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 93 this. Some
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References INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 95
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 97 Humphreys,
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INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD 99 Thurston,
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ADOLESCENCE AND EMERGING ADULTHOOD
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effective and sustained way with yo
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deficits, often by teaching skills.
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and grief exemplifies different cop
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(www.tcd.ie/College.Health/healthpr
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Economic A key factor that underpin
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health activities (Turner 2002). Sp
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• There is a lack of support, gui
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Notes 1 For a useful discussion on
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6 Adulthood: increasing responsibil
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community responsibilities. Issues
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Chapter 5, is said to develop as a
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ADULTHOOD 143 children (Lesesne and
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ADULTHOOD 145 identified language b
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elationship, both positive and nega
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mental health differences between m
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Box 6.6 Summary of the main determi
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ADULTHOOD 153 stress; self-esteem;
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ADULTHOOD 155 environment would nee
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ADULTHOOD 157 direct impact through
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ADULTHOOD 159 Debates about evidenc
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ADULTHOOD 161 • Integrated nation
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Table 6.2 Mental Health National Se
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• reducing barriers to work to im
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The application of health promotion
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ADULTHOOD 169 Report 2001-2003. Dor
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ADULTHOOD 171 K.R. Fox and S.H. Bou
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ADULTHOOD 173 Oakley, A., Hickey, D
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ADULTHOOD 175 WHO (World Health Org
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their health. Some senses, such as
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Although this is a slightly differe
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is that older people have fewer res
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people’s experiences of lonelines
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life events (Andersson 1992). Accor
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Diversity among older people It is
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OLDER PEOPLE: THE RETIREMENT YEARS
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Examples of good practice OLDER PEO
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS AND THE FUTURE
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Debates We will return briefly to t
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of Government policies on child pov
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leading to reinforcement of those s
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Priorities for future actions CONCL
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CONCLUDING COMMENTS AND THE FUTURE
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References APPENDIX 1 227 Bale, C.
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Mental health promotion requires a
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APPENDIX 3 231 Observatories in Eng
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GLOSSARY 233 Discrimination: to set
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References GLOSSARY 235 APA (Americ
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Braitstein, P., 140 Braunholtz, S.,
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evidence base of mental health prom
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L Labonte, R., 24 Laing, R.D., 9 La
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National Office for the Information
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social cognitive models, 57 social
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Young Carers’ Project, 127 Young
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