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Sugar<br />

Sugar is very important for the crust colour and taste of the bread. It is also used as<br />

nutrient in yeast bread. White sugar is mainly used. Sometimes brown sugar, castor<br />

sugar or demerara sugar can <strong>be</strong> used too.<br />

Yeast<br />

Carbon dioxide is released during the fermentation process and it makes the bread<br />

lighter and the fibres softer. In order for the yeast to <strong>be</strong> able to multiply rapidly, carbon<br />

<strong>from</strong> sugar and flour are needed. In general, there are three types of yeast: fresh yeast,<br />

active dry yeast and instant yeast. Instant gist is used more often and works faster than<br />

active dry yeast but active dry yeast produces a <strong>be</strong>tter fermentation process.<br />

The conversion of the amount of active dry yeast to the amount of instant yeast takes<br />

place as follows:<br />

1 teaspoon active dry yeast = ¾ teaspoon instant yeast<br />

1.5 teaspoons active dry yeast = 1 teaspoon instant yeast<br />

2 teaspoons active dry yeast = 1.5 teaspoons instant yeast<br />

Yeast should <strong>be</strong> refrigerated <strong>be</strong>cause its active ingredients are destroyed at high<br />

temperatures. Each time you wish to use the yeast check the expiration date to make<br />

sure that it is still fresh. Put the yeast back into the refrigerator as soon as possible<br />

after each use. When bread fails to rise the most common fault is that the yeast has<br />

<strong>be</strong>come inactive/damaged.<br />

Use the following method to check whether or not the yeast is still active (live) and<br />

fresh:<br />

Pour a half cup of warm water (45-50°C) into a measuring cup.<br />

Add 1 teaspoon of white sugar and stir. Then sprinkle 2 teaspoons of yeast into the<br />

water.<br />

Place the measuring cup in a warm spot for about 10 minutes. Do no stir the mixture.<br />

The foam should fill almost the entire cup. If it fails to do so then it means that the<br />

yeast is poor or no longer active.<br />

Salt<br />

Salt is necessary to improve the taste of the bread and to give the crust colour.<br />

However, salt can also lead to the yeast failing to rise. So <strong>be</strong> careful not to use<br />

excessive salt in a recipe. If you do not wish to use salt you can omit this ingredient,<br />

this will result in slightly larger loaves.<br />

Eggs<br />

Eggs improve the structure of the bread and give it more nutritional value.<br />

Fat, butter and vegetable oil<br />

Fat makes the bread softer and ensures that the bread is given an increased shelf life.<br />

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