Download PDF - Speleogenesis

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PLATES 10 AND 11 MORPHOLOGIC SUITE OF RISING FLOW: CEILING FEATURES AND OUTLETS
Plate 10. Outlets breaching to the upper discharge boundary (e.g. prominent bedding plane or diffusely permeable bed). A = closely spaced,
partly merged serial outlet cupolas in the passage ceiling, Fuchslabyrinth Cave, Germany (Triassic limestones); B = the bottom of the upper
aquifer, in this case a fractured dolomite bed, exposed at the ceiling along the entire length of a passage, Coffee Cave, Permian gypsum,
NM, USA. Note irregular gypsum margins on the underside of the upper dolomite layer in photo B indicating coalescence of serial cupolas.
Photo by A. Klimchouk.
Plate 11. Mega-outlets in Lechuguilla Cave, Guadalupe Mountains, NM, USA (Permian limestone), viewed from below. Arrows point to
people for scale. A = Echo Chamber, a mega-outlet at the ceiling (explored by a caver climbing a rope). B = Prickly Ice Cube Room. Note a
large ceiling channel rising from a passage to a mega-outlet in photo B. Snapshots from 360 o panoramic views of Lechuguilla Cave, NM, by
Four Chambers Studio in collaboration with the US National Park Service (with permission).