GM Crops: The First Ten Years - International Service for the ...

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Table 2. GM crop farm income benefits 1996-2005 selected countries: million US $ US Argentina Brazil Paraguay Canada South Africa China India Australia Mexico Philippines Spain GM HT soybeans 7,570 5,197 1,367 132 69 2.2 N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a GM HT maize 771 0.2 N/a N/a 24 0.3 N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a GM HT cotton 919 4.0 N/a N/a N/a 0.2 N/a N/a 4.1 N/a N/a N/a GM HT canola 101 N/a N/a N/a 792 N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a GM IR maize 1,957 159 N/a N/a 145 59 N/a N/a N/a N/a 8 28 Note: Argentine GM HT soybeans includes second crop soybeans benefits. N/a = not applicable GM IR cotton 1,627 29 N/a N/a N/a 14 5,168 463 150 55 N/a N/a Total 12,945 5,389.2 1,367 132 1,031 75.7 5,168 463 154.1 55 8 28 Table 3: GM crop farm income benefits 2005: developing versus developed countries: million US $ GM HT soybeans GM IR maize GM HT maize GM IR cotton GM HT cotton GM HT canola GM VR papaya and squash Developed 1,183 364 212 354 163 195 25 Developing countries include all countries in South America Developing % developed % developing 1,658 53 0.3 1,378 3 0 0 Executive Summary and Conclusions these income gains for developing country farmers have been from GM IR cotton and GM HT soybeans. Cumulatively over the period 1996 to 2005, developing country farmers have acquired 47% of the total ($27 billion) farm income benefit. 41.6 86.5 99.9 20.4 98.4 100 100 Total 2,496 3,092 45 55 Examination of the cost farmers pay for accessing GM technology relative to the total gains derived, Table 4 shows that across the four main GM crops, the total cost was equal to about 26% of the total farm income gains. For farmers in developing countries the total cost is equal to about 13% of total farm income gains, whilst for farmers in developed countries the cost is about 38% of the total farm income gain. 58.4 13.5 0.1 79.6 1.6 0 0 ix
Executive Summary and Conclusions Table 4. Cost of accessing GM technology (in % terms) relative to the total farm income benefits 2005 GM HT soybeans GM IR maize GM HT maize GM IR cotton GM HT cotton GM HT canola n/a = not applicable All farmers 21 44 38 21 44 47 Developed countries Developing countries Total 26 38 13 As well as these quantifiable impacts on farm profitability, there have been other important, more intangible impacts (of an economic nature). Most of these have been important influences for adoption of the technology. These include: Herbicide tolerant crops • Increased management flexibility that comes from a combination of the ease of use associated with broad-spectrum, post-emergent herbicides like glyphosate and the increased/longer time window for spraying; • Compared to conventional crops, where post-emergent herbicide application may result in 'knock-back' (some risk of crop damage from the herbicide), this problem is less likely to occur in GM HT crops; • Facilitation of adoption of no/reduced tillage practices with resultant savings in time and equipment usage (see below for environmental benefits); • Improved weed control has reduced harvesting costs - cleaner crops have resulted in reduced times for harvesting. It has also improved harvest quality and led to higher levels of quality price bonuses in some regions; • Elimination of potential damage caused by soil-incorporated residual herbicides in followon crops. Insect resistant crops • Production risk management/insurance purposes - taking away the worry of significant pest damage occurring; • A 'convenience' benefit (less time spent on crop walking and/or applying insecticides); • Savings in energy use - mainly associated with less spraying; • Savings in machinery use (for spraying and possibly reduced harvesting times); • Improved quality (eg, lower levels of mycotoxins in GM IR maize); • Improved health and safety for farmers and farm workers (from reduced handling and use of pesticides); x 32 43 38 41 43 47 10 48 81 13 65 n/a
Page 1 and 2: I S A A A INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR
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Page 5 and 6: Contents 3.6.2 China ..............
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables Table 37. Change in
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS E
Page 14 and 15: Executive Summary and Conclusions
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Page 20 and 21: 1 INTRODUCTION GM Crops: The First
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Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Global GM crop plantings
Page 26 and 27: 3 THE FARM LEVEL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
Page 28 and 29: • The annual total national farm
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Page 32 and 33: Table 14. Farm level income impact
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Page 38 and 39: 3.3.2 Other countries GM Crops: The
Page 54 and 55: 3.7.4 Insect resistant potatoes GM
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Table 47. Comparison of insecticide
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In terms of GHG each litre of tract
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GM Crops: The First Ten Years b) So
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4.2.7 Insect resistant cotton The c
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Table 63. Summary of carbon sequest
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Appendix Appendix 2: The Environmen
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Appendix environmental factor is eq
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Appendix 3: Additional information
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Typical herbicide regimes for GM HT
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Typical insecticide regimes for cot
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References Fernandez-Cornejo J & Mc
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ISBN 1-892456-41-9
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