GM Crops: The First Ten Years - International Service for the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

GM Crops: The First Ten Years b) Soil carbon sequestration Applying the same rate of soil carbon retention for NT/RT soybeans as Argentina the cumulative increase in soil carbon since 1996, due to the increase in NT/RT in Paraguay and Uruguay soybean production systems may have been 954 million kg of carbon. In terms of carbon dioxide emission this equates to a saving of 2,624 million kg of carbon dioxide that may otherwise have been released into the atmosphere. 4.2.5 Herbicide tolerant canola The analysis presented below relates to Canada only and does not include the US GM HT canola crop. This reflects the lack of information about the level of RT/NT in the US canola crop. Also the area devoted to GM HT canola in the US is relatively small by comparison to the corresponding area in Canada (0.45 million ha in 2005 compared to 5.25 million ha). The cumulative permanent reduction in tillage fuel use in Canadian canola since 1996 was 175.3 million litres which equates to reduction in carbon dioxide emission of 482.03 million kg (Table 60). Table 60. Canadian canola: permanent reduction in tractor fuel consumption and reduction in CO2 emissions 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Annual reduction based on 1996 average 38.5 (litres/ha) 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.5 8.1 8.1 Crop area (million ha) 3.5 4.9 5.4 5.6 4.9 3.8 3.3 4.7 4.9 5.3 Total fuel savings in litres 0.0 7.9 8.8 9.0 7.9 12.3 15.9 30.5 40.2 42.7 Carbon Dioxide (million kg) 0.00 21.78 24.28 24.88 21.73 33.85 43.76 83.88 110.43 117.45 Total 175.2 482.04 Notes: fuel usage NT = 14.12 litres/ha CT = 46.6 litres/ha In terms of the increase in soil carbon associated with the increase in RT and NT in Canadian canola production, the estimated values are summarised in Table 61. The cumulative increase in soil carbon has been 1,617 million kg of carbon which in terms of carbon dioxide emission equates to a saving of 4,447 million kg of carbon dioxide that would otherwise have been released into the atmosphere. 79
GM Crops: The First Ten Years Table 61. Canada canola: potential additional soil carbon sequestration (1996 to 2005) Year Annual increase in carbon Crop area sequestered based on 1996 average (kg carbon/ha) (million ha) 1996 0.0 3.5 1997 15.0 4.9 1998 15.0 5.4 1999 15.0 5.6 2000 15.0 4.9 2001 30.0 3.8 2002 45.0 3.3 2003 60.0 4.7 2004 75.0 4.9 2005 75.0 5.3 Notes: NT/RT = +200 kg carbon/ha/yr CT = -100 kg carbon/ha/yr Total carbon sequestered million kg 0.0 73.1 81.4 83.5 72.9 113.6 146.8 281.4 370.4 394.0 Carbon dioxide (million kg) 0.00 200.89 223.94 229.53 200.44 312.28 403.64 773.72 1,018.67 1,083.42 Total 1,617.1 4,446.53 4.2.6 Herbicide tolerant cotton and maize The contribution to reduced levels of carbon sequestration arising from the adoption of GM HT maize and cotton is likely to have been very small and hence no assessments are presented. This conclusion is based on the following: 80 • although the area of NT cotton has increased significantly in countries such as the US (the largest user of GM HT cotton) since 1996 (from 0.2 million ha in 1996 to 1 million ha in 2005), this still only represented 18.4% of the total cotton crop in 2005 - no analysis has been undertaken on either the reduced fuel usage or soil carbon sequestration. However, the importance of GM HT cotton to facilitating NT tillage has been confirmed by a study conducted by Doane Marketing Research (2002) for the Cotton Foundation which identified the availability of GM HT cotton as a key driver for the adoption of NT production practices; • the area of NT maize also represents only a small proportion of total maize plantings (eg, in the US NT maize accounted for 17% of total plantings in 1996 and by 2004 its share had risen to only 20%) • there is limited research available on the impact of GM HT maize and cotton in all adopting countries and very little information about NT/RT areas of crops other than soybeans outside the US; • as the soybean: maize rotation system is commonplace in the US, the benefits of switching to a NT system have largely been examined in section 4.2.4 above for soybeans; • no significant changes to the average number of spray runs under a GM HT production system relative to a conventional production system have been reported.
Page 1 and 2:
I S A A A INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR
Page 3 and 4:
Published by: Copyright: Citation:
Page 5 and 6:
Contents 3.6.2 China ..............
Page 7 and 8:
List of Tables Table 37. Change in
Page 10 and 11:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS E
Page 12 and 13:
Table 2. GM crop farm income benefi
Page 14 and 15:
Executive Summary and Conclusions
Page 16 and 17:
Executive Summary and Conclusions T
Page 18 and 19:
Table 8. Context of carbon sequestr
Page 20 and 21:
1 INTRODUCTION GM Crops: The First
Page 22 and 23:
GM Crops: The First Ten Years Figur
Page 24 and 25:
Figure 4. Global GM crop plantings
Page 26 and 27:
3 THE FARM LEVEL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
Page 28 and 29:
• The annual total national farm
Page 30 and 31:
3.1.3 Brazil GM HT soybeans were pr
Page 32 and 33:
Table 14. Farm level income impact
Page 34 and 35:
GM Crops: The First Ten Years Table
Page 36 and 37:
3.2.2 Canada GM Crops: The First Te
Page 38 and 39:
3.3.2 Other countries GM Crops: The
Page 40 and 41:
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49: GM Crops: The First Ten Years Table
Page 50 and 51: Table 24. Farm level income impact
Page 54 and 55: 3.7.4 Insect resistant potatoes GM
Page 56 and 57: size. The analysis found that mean
Page 58 and 59: GM Crops: The First Ten Years soybe
Page 60 and 61: GM Crops: The First Ten Years c) Bu
Page 62 and 63: Table 28. Herbicide usage on soybea
Page 64 and 65: GM Crops: The First Ten Years a sma
Page 66 and 67: GM Crops: The First Ten Years Makin
Page 68 and 69: GM Crops: The First Ten Years Figur
Page 70 and 71: GM Crops: The First Ten Years aceto
Page 72 and 73: Table 38. Herbicide usage on cotton
Page 74 and 75: GM Crops: The First Ten Years At th
Page 76 and 77: GM Crops: The First Ten Years Figur
Page 80 and 81: GM Crops: The First Ten Years been
Page 84 and 85: Table 47. Comparison of insecticide
Page 86 and 87: GM Crops: The First Ten Years g) Su
Page 88 and 89: In terms of GHG each litre of tract
Page 90 and 91: GM Crops: The First Ten Years As we
Page 92 and 93: GM Crops: The First Ten Years using
Page 94 and 95: GM Crops: The First Ten Years b) So
Page 96 and 97: GM Crops: The First Ten Years a) Fu
Page 100 and 101: 4.2.7 Insect resistant cotton The c
Page 102 and 103: Table 63. Summary of carbon sequest
Page 104 and 105: Appendix Appendix 2: The Environmen
Page 106 and 107: Appendix environmental factor is eq
Page 108 and 109: Appendix 3: Additional information
Page 110 and 111: Typical herbicide regimes for GM HT
Page 112 and 113: Typical insecticide regimes for cot
Page 114 and 115: References Fernandez-Cornejo J & Mc
Page 116: ISBN 1-892456-41-9
show all

GM Crops: The First Ten Years - International Service for the ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?