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GM Crops: The First Ten Years At the national level (Table 40), this equates to 21% and 31% savings respectively in ai use and the field EIQ value for 2005. Cumulatively since 1997, the savings using this methodology have been 16% for ai use (28.7 million kg) and 24% (1,156 million field EIQ units). Table 40. National level changes in herbicide ai use and field EIQ values for GM HT cotton in the US 1997-2005 Year ai decrease eiq savings (units) 1997 714,529 28,758,324 1998 1,718,248 69,155,948 1999 3,066,139 123,405,751 2000 3,495,448 140,684,560 2001 4,323,766 174,022,632 2002 4,094,301 164,787,164 2003 3,468,126 139,584,914 2004 3,836,184 154,398,480 2005 4,004,931 161,190,182 Note: based on adjusted NCFAP methodology % decrease in ai 3.6 9.1 14.6 15.9 19.4 20.1 20.4 20.7 21.1 % saving eiq 5.3 13.3 21.4 23.4 28.5 29.6 30.1 30.6 31.1 b) Australia Drawing on information from the University of New England study from 2003 65 , analysis of the typical herbicide treatment regimes for GM HT and conventional cotton (see Appendix 3) shows the following: • The herbicide ai/ha load on a GM HT crop has been about 0.11 kg/ha higher (at 2.87 kg/ha) than the conventional cotton equivalent crop (2.77 kg/ha); • The average field EIQ/ha value for GM GT cotton has been 51/ha compared to 66/ha for conventional cotton; • At the national level (Table 41), in 2005 (based on the plantings of the different production systems), herbicide ai use has been 2.9% higher (24,235 kg) than the level expected if the whole crop had been planted to non GM cotton cultivars. The total field EIQ load was, however 16.6% lower; • Cumulatively since 2000, total national herbicide ai use has increased by 0.7% (70,000 kg) although the total EIQ load had fallen by 3.9%. c) Other countries Cotton farmers in South Africa and Argentina have also been using GM HT technology (since 2000 in South Africa and since 2002 in Argentina). The plantings have, however been fairly small, with annual plantings of less than 10,000 hectares in each country 66 (only 11,500 ha planted in South 65 Doyle B et al (2003) 66 Except in 2004 in Argentina when there was a significant increase to over 100,000 ha 55
GM Crops: The First Ten Years Table 41. National level changes in herbicide ai use and field EIQ values for GM HT cotton in Australia 2000-2005 (negative sign denotes increase in use) Year ai decrease eiq savings (units) 2000 -1,290 178,358 2001 -8,051 1,113,148 2002 -9,756 1,348,907 2003 -9,028 1,248,239 2004 -17,624 2,436,743 2005 -24,235 3,350,739 % decrease in ai 0.1 0.8 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.9 % saving eiq 0.5 4.8 8.9 9.7 11.8 16.6 Africa in 2005). In South Africa, the impact has been to marginally increase the volume of herbicides used per hectare but to reduce the environmental load/ha (see Appendix 3). At the national level (recognising the small scale of adoption by 2005), the impact (since 2000) has been a marginal increase in the volume of herbicide used (1.51%) but a 6% decrease in the environmental impact. No analysis is presented for Argentina because of the limited availability of herbicide usage data. d) Summary of impact The overall effect of using GM HT cotton technology (Figure 17) in the US, Australia and South Africa in 2005, has been a reduction in herbicide ai use 67 of 20% and a decrease in the total environmental impact of 30%. Cumulatively since 1997, herbicide ai use has fallen by 15% and the total environmental impact has fallen by 23%. 4.1.4 Herbicide tolerant canola a) The USA Based on analysis of typical herbicide treatments for conventional, GM glyphosate tolerant and GM glufosinate tolerant canola identified in NCFAP 2005 (see Appendix 3), the changes in herbicide use and resulting environmental impact arising from adoption of GM HT canola in the US since 1999 68 have been: • A reduction in the average volume of herbicide ai applied of 0.012 kg/ha (GM glyphosate tolerant) or 0.696 kg/ha (GM glufosinate tolerant) up to 2003 and a reduction in the average volume of herbicide ai applied of 0.8 kg/ha (GM glyphosate tolerant) or 0.78 kg/ha (GM glufosinate tolerant) from 2004 onwards; • A decrease in the average field EIQ/ha of 11/ha (GM GT) or 15/ha (GM glufosinate tolerant) for the period to 2003. The estimated decrease for 2004 and 2005 is a fall in the average field EIQ/ha of 23/ha (GM GT) or 17/ha (GM glufosinate tolerant); • The reduction in the volume of herbicides used was equal to about 340,000 kg of active ingredient (two thirds reduction) in 2005; 67 Relative to the herbicide use expected if all of the GM HT area had been planted to conventional cultivars, using the same tillage system and providing the same level of weed control as delivered by the GM HT system 68 The USDA pesticide usage survey does not include coverage of canola 56
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I S A A A INTERNATIONAL SERVICE FOR
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Published by: Copyright: Citation:
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Contents 3.6.2 China ..............
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List of Tables Table 37. Change in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS E
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Table 2. GM crop farm income benefi
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Executive Summary and Conclusions
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Executive Summary and Conclusions T
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Table 8. Context of carbon sequestr
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1 INTRODUCTION GM Crops: The First
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GM Crops: The First Ten Years Figur
Page 24 and 25: Figure 4. Global GM crop plantings
Page 26 and 27: 3 THE FARM LEVEL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF
Page 28 and 29: • The annual total national farm
Page 30 and 31: 3.1.3 Brazil GM HT soybeans were pr
Page 32 and 33: Table 14. Farm level income impact
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Page 36 and 37: 3.2.2 Canada GM Crops: The First Te
Page 38 and 39: 3.3.2 Other countries GM Crops: The
Page 54 and 55: 3.7.4 Insect resistant potatoes GM
Page 56 and 57: size. The analysis found that mean
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Page 62 and 63: Table 28. Herbicide usage on soybea
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Page 72 and 73: Table 38. Herbicide usage on cotton
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Page 84 and 85: Table 47. Comparison of insecticide
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Page 88 and 89: In terms of GHG each litre of tract
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Page 100 and 101: 4.2.7 Insect resistant cotton The c
Page 102 and 103: Table 63. Summary of carbon sequest
Page 104 and 105: Appendix Appendix 2: The Environmen
Page 106 and 107: Appendix environmental factor is eq
Page 108 and 109: Appendix 3: Additional information
Page 110 and 111: Typical herbicide regimes for GM HT
Page 112 and 113: Typical insecticide regimes for cot
Page 114 and 115: References Fernandez-Cornejo J & Mc
Page 116: ISBN 1-892456-41-9
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