Visiting Researcher's Guide - EURAXESS Estonia

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24 2.2 History ESTONIA According to archaeological finds, the first settlements in Estonia emerged 11,000 years ago. Thus on the one hand Estonians like to refer to themselves as one of the oldest nations in Europe, and on the other there are lively disputes about whether or not the people fighting against the 13th century crusaders were in fact Estonians. It is sometimes said that Estonians have not fared well in the course of history. After conquering Estonia, which was part of the Viking culture and lay at the junction of trading routes, the German-Danish armies and merchants seized power here and laid the foundation for the Baltic nobility, whereas Estonians remained peasants. Under the German, Swedish and Russian crowns, the land was ravaged by wars in which Estonians were onlookers. The 150 years popularly known as the “good old Swedish time”, brought a longer interval of peace. Another such period followed the devastating Great Northern War in the early 18th century when Estonia was seized by the Russian tsarist empire. Nevertheless, we must admit that not all nations have been so lucky: in the 19th century Estonia’s own culture was so well established that, following the national awakening movement, an independent state was declared in 1918. This twenty-year period of national statehood in turn produced a foundation strong enough for the re-establishment of independence in 1991, even after the 50-year Soviet occupation.
IMPORTANT DATES 11, 000 years ago 1030 13 th century 1248 14 th century 16 th century, first half 1558 – 1583 1583 – 1721 1632 1700 – 1721 19 th century 24 February 1918 1918 – 1920 1918 – 1939 1940 1941 – 1944 1944 1988 20 August 1991 29 March 2004 1 May 2004 ESTONIA First settlements Tartu is mentioned for the first time in written documents The Baltic region falls into the hands of the Teutonic knights; Christianisation of Estonia by crusaders from Denmark and Germany Tallinn receives its city charter The Baltic region comes under the control of the Hanseatic league Reformation reaches Estonia livonian War; involving Denmark, sweden, Russia and Poland Estonia under swedish rule The University of Tartu is established Great Northern War, Estonia comes under Russian rule Period of national awakening Republic of Estonia is proclaimed War of liberation Republic of Estonia soviet occupation German occupation Estonia forcibly incorporated into soviet Union Beginning of singing Revolution Estonia regains its independence Estonia joins NATO Estonia joins European Union For more information on Estonian history see Estonica http://www.estonica.org/ 25 lENNE-ANN sAVIlA
Page 5 and 6: INTRODUCTION The aim of “The ERA-
Page 7 and 8: ESTONIAN ERA-MORE NETWORK ERA-MORE,
Page 9 and 10: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The higher
Page 11 and 12: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 9
Page 13 and 14: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Baseline f
Page 15 and 16: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT R&D fundin
Page 17 and 18: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Research a
Page 19 and 20: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The Estoni
Page 21 and 22: COMPETENCE CENTRES RESEARCH AND DEV
Page 23 and 24: ESTONIA Whoever bothers to examine
Page 25: Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://
Page 29 and 30: 2.4 Life style Estonians blame the
Page 31 and 32: 2.6 Culture ESTONIA Estonians love
Page 33 and 34: 2.8 Economy Estonian economy is con
Page 35 and 36: ENTRY, RESIDENCE AND WORK PERMITS D
Page 37 and 38: ENTRY, RESIDENCE AND WORK PERMITS 3
Page 39 and 40: ENTRY, RESIDENCE AND WORK PERMITS 3
Page 41 and 42: WORK In Estonia, universities are t
Page 43 and 44: WORK Employers are required to pay
Page 45 and 46: TAXATION Estonians love paying taxe
Page 47 and 48: 5.2 Taxation of residents TAXATION
Page 49 and 50: 5.3 Income tax return TAXATION Inco
Page 51 and 52: 5.4 Taxation of non-residents TAXAT
Page 53 and 54: 6.1 Health SOCIAL SECURITY The Esto
Page 55 and 56: SOCIAL SECURITY residence permit or
Page 57 and 58: SOCIAL SECURITY Medicines are divid
Page 59 and 60: 6.3 Pensions Each EU country contri
Page 61 and 62: 6.5 Unemployment insurance Unemploy
Page 63 and 64: FAMILY When visiting the homes of y
Page 65 and 66: FAMILY For some professions, vocati
Page 67 and 68: 7.4 Pets FAMILY If you wish to brin
Page 69 and 70: 8.1 Emergencies IN AN EMERGENCY SIT
Page 71 and 72: 8.3 Renting a house or a flat EVERY
Page 73 and 74: 8.4 Banking EVERYDAY NECESSITIES Ba
Page 75 and 76: EVERYDAY NECESSITIES Arrival in Est
Page 77 and 78:
EVERYDAY NECESSITIES Public bus tra
Page 79 and 80:
8.7 Phones Mobile phones have becom
Page 81 and 82:
8.10 Electrical appliances EVERYDAY
Page 83 and 84:
8.12 Garbage management EVERYDAY NE
Page 85 and 86:
Useful phrases tere Hello! nägemis
Page 87 and 88:
EVERYDAY NECESSITIES new buses with
Page 89 and 90:
9.1 Events LEISURE AND PLEASURE The
Page 91 and 92:
9.4 Religion and churches LEISURE A
Page 93 and 94:
NOTES .............................
Page 96:
TALLINN TARTU
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Visiting Researcher's Guide - EURAXESS Estonia

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