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(100 µg/ml), which showed highest inhibition towards the mycelial growth of all tested fungal strains, although the inhibition effect by the lectin was less than the case of bacteria. The growth of Colletotrichum corchori and Curvularia lunata (13.3-8.4±1%) was moderately inhibited but Botryodiplodia theobromae was least inhibited by RCG1. On the other hand, Alternaria alternata and Macrophomina phaseolina were never inhibited by the lectin, though the growth of all six fungi was totally inhibited by standard antibiotic, nystatin (100 µg/ml). By now, antifungal activity has been reported in many plant lectins (Broekaert et al., 1989). Our results suggested that RCG1 has antifungal activity similarly to mannose-binding lectins from red cluster pepper (Capsicum frutescens) and Pisum sativum seeds that inhibited the growth of fungi Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and Trichoderma viride (Nagi and Ng, 2007; Sitohy et al., 2007). Table 5. Antifungal activity of RCG1 from the bullfrog R. catesbeiana oocytes. Name of fungi Percentage inhibition of fungal mycelial growth Lectin (100 Nystatin* (100 µg/ml PDA) µg/ml PDA) Fusarium equiseti 18.4±1 47.4±1 Colletotrichum corchori 13.3±1 50.3±1 Curvularia lunata 8.4±1 46.5±1 Botryodiplodia theobromae 4.6±1 40.4±1 Alternaria alternate 0 39.4±1 Macrophomina phaseolina 0 52.2±1 Note: *Standard antifungal antibiotic, Growth measured- radial growth in cm. RCG1 has belongs to the galectin family. Many galectins were reported to have multivalent functions such as in cell adhesion and apoptosis through the carbohydrate-binding activity. In this study, we have found that the lectin possess antimicrobial activity in addition to cell adhesive activity (Kawsar et al., 2009). Because the lectin is located on the outer membrane of frog eggs, it may play an integral role in defense against bacterial pathogens. Recently, a number of galactose-binding lectin were shown to act as host receptors for bacteria and fungi (Vasta, 2009; Ideo et al., 2009) by apparent direct or indirect galectin-dependent specific host-pathogen interactions. Since RCG1 can be purified in large amounts from bullfrog eggs, it may be a potential drug discovery target for both anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Kawsar et al. 1147 CONCLUSION The present study showed that RCG1 displayed significant growth inhibition effects against selected human and phytopathogens. American bullfrog Rana catesbeiana oocytes galectin-1 (RCG1) was screened for the first time for antibacterial and antifungal activities and these antimicrobial activities may provide an effective defense capability against invading microbes in the amphibian Rana catesbeiana. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the Chairman of the Department of Microbiology, <strong>University</strong> of Chittagong, Bangladesh to give us the opportunity to carry out the microbiology work. We are also thankful to Dr. Robert A. Kanaly (USA & YCU) for improving our manuscript. This work was supported by Grants-in Aid for Scientific Research from JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science). REFERENCES Ahmed, H., Vasta, GR. 1994. Galectins: conservation of functionally and structurally relevant amino acid residues defines two types of carbohydrate recognition domains. Glycobiology. 4(5): 545-548. Ahmed, H., Pohl, J., Fink, NE., Strobel, F. and Vasta, GR. 1996. The primary structure and carbohydrate specificity of a β-galactosyl-binding lectin from toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel) ovary reveal closer similarities to the mammalian galectin-1 than to the galectin from the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271(51): 33083-33094. Barboni, E., Coade, S. and Fiori, A. 2005. The binding of mycolic acids to galectin-3: a novel interaction between a host soluble lectin and trafficking mycobacterial lipids?. FEBS Letters. 579(30): 6749-6755. Bauer, AW., Kirby, MM., Sherris, JC. and Turck M. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 45: 493-496. Broekaert, WF., Van, PJ., Leyn, F., Joos, H. and Peumans, W. 1989. A chitin-binding lectin from stinging nettle rhizomes with antifungal properties. Science. 245(4922): 1100-1102. Doyle, RJ. 1994. Introduction to lectins and their interactions with microorganisms. In Lectinmicroorganism Interactions ed. Doyle RJ, Slifkin MV, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1-65. Fradin, C., Poulain, D. and Jouault, T. 2000. β-1,2-linked oligomannosides from Candida albicans bind to a 32kilodalton macrophage membrane protein homologous to
1148 the mammalian lectin galectin-3. Infection and Immunity. 68(8): 4391-4398. Gowda, NM., Goswami. U. and Khan, MI. 2008. Tantigen binding lectin with antibacterail activity from marine invertebrate, sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra): possible involvment in differential recognition of bacteria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 99(2): 141-145. Grover, RK. and Moore, JD. 1962. Toximetric studies of fungicides against the brown rot organisms, Sclerotinia fructicola and S. laxa. Phytopathology. 52: 876-880. Hernandez, JD. and Baum, LG. 2002. Ah, sweet mystery of death! galectins and control of cell fate. Glycobiology. 12(10): 127-136. Ideo, H., Fukushima, K., Ando, KG., Mitani, S., Dejima, K., Nomura, K. and Yamashita, K. 2009. A Caenorhabditis elegans glycolipid-binding galectin functions in host defense against bacterial infection. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284(39): 26493-26501. Inamori, K., Saito, T., Iwaki, D., Nagira, T., Iwanaga, S., Arisaka, F. and Kawabata, S. 1999. A newly identified horseshoe crab lectin with specificity for blood group A antigen recognizes specific O antigens of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274(6): 3272-3278. Ito, Y., Yoshikawa, A., Hotani, T., Fukuda, S., Sugimura, K. and Imoto T. 1999. Amino acid sequences of lysozymes newly purified from invertebrates imply wide distribution of a novel class in the lysozyme family. European Journal of Biochemistry. 259(1-2): 456-461. Kawsar, SMA., Matsumoto, R., Fuji, Y., Yasumitsu, H., Uchiyama, H., Hosono M., Nitta, K., Hamako, J., Matsui T., Kojima, N. and Ozeki, Y. 2009. Glycan-binding profile and cell adhesion activity of American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) oocyte galectin-1. Protein & Peptide Letters. 16(7): 677-684. Koh, HS., Lee, C., Lee, KS., Ham, CS., Seong, RH., Kim, SS. and Jeon, SH. 2008. CD7 expression and galectin-1induced apoptosis of immature thymocytes are directly regulated by NF-κB upon T-cell activation. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications. 370(1): 149-153. Kohatsu, L., Hsu, DK., Jegalian, AG., Liu, FT. and Baum, LG. 2006. Galectin-3 induces death of Candida species expressing specific β-1,2-linked mannans. The Journal of Immunology. 177 (7): 4718-4726. Laemmli, UK. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 227(5259): 680-685. Mandrell, RE., Apicella, MA., Lindstedt, R. and Leffler, H. 1994. Possible interaction between animal lectins and bacterial carbohydrates. Methods in Enzymology. 236: 231-254. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Matsui, T. 1984. D-galactoside specific lectins from coelomocytes of the echiuran, Urechis unicinctus. The Biological Bulletin. 166(1): 178-188. Mey, A., Leffler, H., Hmama, Z., Normier, G. and Revillard, JP. 1996. The animal lectin galectin-3 interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides via two independent sites. The Journal of Immunology. 156(4): 1572-1577. Miah, MAT., Ahmed, HU., Sharma, NR., Ali, A. and Miah, SA. 1990. Antifungal activity of some plant extracts. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 19: 5-10. Munoz-Crego A., Alvarez O., Alonso B., Rogers DJ. and Lvovo J. 1999. Lectin as diagnostic probes in clinical bacteriology-an overview. In: Lectins, Biology, Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry (Vol. 13 th ed.) Eds. Van Driessche, E, Beeckmans, S. and Bøg-Hansen, TC. Lemchesvej, Hellerup, Denmark: TEXTOP. http://plab.ku.dk/tcbh/Lectins12/Calderon/paper.htm. Naganuma, T., Ogawa, T., Hirabayashi, J., Kasai, K., Kamiya, H. and Muramoto, K. 2006. Isolation, characterization and molecular evolution of a novel pearl shell lectin from a marine bivalve, Pteria penguin. Molecular Diversity. 10(4): 607-618. Nagi, PHK. and Ng, TB. 2007. A lectin with antifungal and mitogenic activities from red cluster pepper (Capsicum frutescens) seeds. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 74(2): 366-371. Oliveira, MDL., Andrade, CAS., Magalhaes, NSS., Coelho, LCBB., Teixeira, JA., Cunha, MGC. and Correia, MTS. 2008. Purification of a lectin from Eugenia uniflora L. seeds and its potential antibacterial activity. Applied Microbiology. 46(3): 371-376. Ozeki, Y., Matsui, T., Suzuki, M. and Titani, K. 1991 c . Amino acid sequence and molecular characterization of a D-galactoside-specific lectin purified from sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) eggs. Biochemistry. 30(9): 2391-2394. Ozeki, Y., Matsui, T., Nitta, K., Kawauchi, H., Takayanagi, Y. and Titani, K. 1991 a . Purification and characterization of β-galactoside binding lectin from frog (Rana catesbeiana) eggs. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications. 178(1): 407-413. Ozeki, Y., Matsui, T. and Titani, K. 1991b. Cell adhesive activity of two animal lectins through different recognition mechanisms. FEBS Letters. 289(2): 145-147. Ozeki, Y., Matsui, T., Yamamoto, Y., Funahashi, M., Hamako, J. and Titani, K. 1995. Tissue fibronectin is an endogenous ligand for galectin-1. Glycobiology. 5(2): 255-261. Rabinovich, GA., Toscano, MA., Jackson, SS. and Vasta, GR. 2007. Functions of cell surface galectin-glycoprotein lattices. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 17(5): 513-520.
Page 2 and 3: EDITOR MZ Khan, SENRA Academic Publ
Page 4 and 5: SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby,
Page 6 and 7: Table1. Evolution of glucosamine an
Page 8 and 9: Dunsford, BR., Knabe, DA. and Hacns
Page 10 and 11: 1134 Actinomyces, Micrococcus and S
Page 12 and 13: 1136 shown in figure 1. Among wild-
Page 14 and 15: 1138 (75/10) and tobramycin (10). T
Page 18 and 19: Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylami
Page 20 and 21: 2). RCG1 was purified as a single 1
Page 24 and 25: Rabinovich, GA. and Gruppi, A. 2005
Page 26 and 27: 1152 2009). The main vegetated area
Page 28 and 29: 1154 vehicle disturbs the animals a
Page 30 and 31: 1156 Population and Status of Small
Page 32 and 33: 1158 6.95%, Cape Hare 3.64%, Mouse
Page 34 and 35: 1160 S. No. Scientific name Common
Page 36 and 37: 1162 Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and
Page 38 and 39: 1164 housed in clean cages, and pla
Page 40 and 41: 1166 kidneys of all the experimenta
Page 42 and 43: 1168 Prockop, DJ. 1964. Isotopic st
Page 44 and 45: 1170 copper(II) nitrate and zinc(II
Page 46 and 47: 1172 Infrared spectra The relevant
Page 48 and 49: 1174 step was the loss of two molec
Page 50 and 51: 1176 note that though the Mn(II) co
Page 52 and 53: 1178 dimethyl-2H-indazol-6-yl)methy
Page 54 and 55: 1180 prepare the rats feed. The rat
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1200 that a significant fraction of
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1202 Nino and La Nina periods are a
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1204 periods (1981, 1984, 1991, 199
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1206 Degtyarev, AI, Smirnova, TG. a
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1208 The purpose of the present stu
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1210 Quantitative screening for lip
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1212 A bsorbance 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.5
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1214 Effect of supplementation of C
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1216 surface modification of acryli
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SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby,
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1128 summarized as ‘By the end of
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1130 Evaluation by EvalAccess 2.0 a
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