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flow of crude oil and air in horizontal pipes. Chem. Eng. Sci. 61:1549-1554. Pinho, FT. and Whitelaw, JH. 1990. Flow of non- Newtonian fluids in a pipe, J. non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 34:129-144. Pilipenko, VN., Kalinichenko, NM. and Lemak, AS. 1981. Stability of the flow of a fibre suspension in the gap between coaxial cylinders, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 26:646- 648. Singh, RD. 1990. Encyclopedia of Fluid Dynamics, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, Chapt. 9. 14:425-480. Tiederman, WG. 1990. The Effect of Dilute Surfactant Solution on Viscous Drag and Turbulent Structure. In: A. Bari et al. 1225 Gyr (Ed.), Structure of Turbulence and Drag Reduction, IUTAM Symp. Springer, Berlin. 187-200. Toorman, EA. 2002, Modelling of turbulent flow with suspended cohesive sediment. Proc. Mar. Sci. 5:155-169. Vaseleski, RC. and Metzner, AB. 1974. Drag reduction in the turbulent flow of fibre suspensions, AICHE J. 20: 301-306. Vaseleski, RC. and Metzner, AB. 1974. Drag reduction in the turbulent flow of fibre suspensions. AICHE J. 20:301– 306. Received: Dec 29, 2009; Accepted: April 20, 2010.
SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1227-1231, June 2010 ISSN: 1715-9997 EFFECTIVENESS OF ACCESSIBILITY AND USABILITY OF GOVERNMENT WEBSITES IN SAUDI ARABIA Muhammad Asif Khan and Khalid Abdulmohsen Buragga Computer Sciences and Information Technology, King Faisal <strong>University</strong>, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT In today’s rapidly changing world, information technology has significant impact in almost all sectors of daily life. With greater internet penetration among individuals and organizations use of online services is becoming indispensable. The increasing demand of electronic services has forced governments all around the world to provide online services to their citizens and residents. The government of Saudi Arabia has also realized the need of such services and it is working on an accelerating pace to provide excellent electronic services infrastructure to its citizens. Internet is an exciting technological tool that requires innovative design in order to be accessible to everyone. The purpose of this paper is to examine and evaluate accessibility and usability of e-government websites of Saudi Arabia. A subjective assessments method has been used to carryout the study. The results of the study have been compared with web accessibility tools. This study investigates the issues that are required to make a website accessible and examines accessibility guidelines. It also evaluates the Saudi government websites in context of W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The present study also presents some suggestions for improving e-government web sites to be more effective and beneficial to general public. Keywords: E-government, usability, Saudi e-government, accessibility, Saudi Arabia. INTRODUCTION Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has revolutionized the way individuals and organizations used to work. Now internet has become an essential tool that is used for information dissemination. People around the world use Internet mainly for email, product or organization information and health information (Goodman et al., 2003). With greater Internet penetration in society organizations started offering their services online so that customers access them whenever and wherever they want. People would like to use Internet as a transaction tool and now more people are using electronic transactions in different areas of their daily life (e.g. banking, shopping) due to less effort and quick service. Governments also have realized the significance of Internet and seem to be undergoing transformation to use Internet to deliver services and information according to these time and effort expectations (Abdulkarim, 2003). More than 160 countries worldwide have started egovernment project, creating a major market for IT vendors and service providers that facilitate public organizations in adoption of technology (Qureshi, 2005). E-government has been defined by some researchers in terms of specific actions (e.g. obtaining documents, accessing information, creating a sharing database) or simply as the automation of services. E-government concepts introduced in public administration in late 1990s *Corresponding author email: asifkhan@kfu.edu.sa 1127 (Moon, 2002). There are issues involve in e-government such as security and privacy, diverse educational background of users, accessibility issues, prioritization of e-government over basic functions of government, building citizen confidence in e-government whether certain forms of government do better with e-government than others (Jagear, 2003). E-government has been thought as a best tool for serving citizens in a country and almost all countries have been trying to design and implement e-government. The government of Saudi Arabia has realized the effects of information technology in the economy and therefore special attention has been given to information technology that has brought a huge change in the last forty years. Governments around the world especially in Gulf region are providing funds to the e-government projects in order to meet their society’s increasing cyber skills. In every part of world from industrialized countries to developing ones governments is putting information online to provide better services for citizens (Chircu et al., 2005). Currently Saudi ARAMCO, Saudi Arabia Basic Industries (SABIC), Saudi Telecommunication (STC), Saudi Arabian Airlines and banks are using stat-of-the-art technologies in their applications. The government of Saudi Arabia has also realized the significance of egovernment and to achieve the aim of e-government a program called YESSER has been initiated that is a usercentric and it focuses on governments services to be provided to individuals and businesses. The user-centric vision for Saudi Arabia’s e-government initiative is
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EDITOR MZ Khan, SENRA Academic Publ
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SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby,
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SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby,
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1152 2009). The main vegetated area
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1160 S. No. Scientific name Common
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1166 kidneys of all the experimenta
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1170 copper(II) nitrate and zinc(II
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