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1162 Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. and Inskipp, T. 1988. Birds of the Indian sub-continent. Oxford University Press, Mumbai. Khanum, Z., Ahmed, MA. and Ahmed, M. 1980. A Check list of Birds of Pakistan with Illustrated Keys to their Identification. Rec. Zool. Surv. 9 (1&2):138pp. Khan, MZ. 2004. Protected areas with reference to Pakistan. J. Nat. Hist. Wildlife 3(1): 7-2. Khan, MZ. and Siddiqui, S. 2005. The Vertebrate biodiversity of Hazarganji Chiltan National Park, Balochistan. J. Nat. Hist. Wildlife. 4(1):93-99. Management Plan HNP (draft). 2006. Balochistan Forest and Wildlife Department. pp 198. Schemnitz, SD. 1980. Wildlife Management Techniques Manual. The Wildlife Society, Inc 5410 Grosvenor Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. Zehra, A. 2009. Current Status of the Mammals of Hingol National Park. Ph.D thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi. Received: Jan 4, 2010; Revised: April 27, 2010; Accepted: May 17, 2010 Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
SENRA Academic Publishers, Burnaby, British Columbia Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 1163-1168, June 2010 ISSN: 1715-9997 EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE AND SODIUM FLUORIDE ON VARIOUS HYDROXYPROLINE FRACTIONS IN RAT KIDNEYS EA. Al Omireeni, *NJ Siddiqi and AS Alhomida Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, PO Box 22452 King Saud University, Riyadh -11495, Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been reported to protect against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced toxicity. This study was undertaken to study the effect of MgCl2 on NaF induced alteration in rat kidney hydroxyproline fractions and collagen. Four groups of rats were studied (each consisting of 4-6 rats) (i) normal rats: (ii) rats injected with MgCl2: (iii) rats injected with NaF: (iv) rats injected with MgCl2 followed by NaF. Results show that MgCl2 and NaF treatment alone and together caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in kidney protein, free, peptide–bound, protein-bound, total hydroxyproline and soluble collagen hydroxyproline. Administration of MgCl2 before NaF did not restore the altered parameters to normal levels. However administration of MgCl2 before NaF restored insoluble collagen hydroxyproline which was altered by NaF to near normal levels. Though MgCl2 has been reported to be protective against the toxic effect of NaF, it has no significant effect on NaF induced changes in kidney hydroxyproline/collagen except insoluble collagen Hyp. Keywords: Sodium fluoride; hydroxyproline; collagen; magnesium chloride. INTRODUCTION Fluorine occurs in environment in combination with other elements as a fluoride compound (Manna et al., 2007). Human beings are exposed to fluoride through food (Stannard et al., 1991; Dabek and McKenzie, 1995), drinking water (Zhao, 1996) and inhalation (Gritsan et al., 1995). Frequent absorption of the fluoride causes tooth decay (Neurath, 2005), damage of kidneys (Lantz et al., 1987), bones (Bezerra de Menezes et al., 2003), nerves (Shivarajashankara et al., 2002) and muscles (Cicek et al., 2005). The adverse toxic effects of fluoride arise due to a) enzyme inhibition, b) collagen break down, c) gastric damage and d) disruption of the immune system (Ahmad et al., 2000). Magnesium is a mineral that is involved in over 300 reactions in the body. It is important for every organ in the body, particularly the heart, muscles, and kidneys. It also contributes to the composition of teeth and bones. Most importantly, it activates enzymes, contributes to energy production, and helps regulate the levels of other minerals in the body (Saris et al., 2000). The kidneys excrete waste products of metabolism and play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis by regulating the body water and solute balance. In addition to the excretory function, the kidneys also have an endocrine function producing hormones like renin, erythropoietin etc. The most commonly used medium for studying fluoride toxicity is urine. Acute exposure to high *Corresponding author email: nikhat@ksu.edu.sa doses of fluoride damages renal tissue and causes renal dysfunction (Zabulyte et al., 2007). In our previous studies (Al-Omireeni et al., 2009) we have shown that different doses of NaF have profound effect on various hydroxyproline (Hyp) fractions in rat kidneys. Hyp is a component amino acid of collagen and has been used as an index of collagen turnover (Reddy and Enwemeka., 1996). Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) has been reported to exert a protective effect on sodium fluoride (NaF) induced mortality in rats (Luoma et al., 1984). The present study was carried out to study the effect of MgCl2 on NaF induced changes in Hyp fractions and collagen content in rat kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals Chloramine-T, p-dimethylaminobenzaldeyde (Ehrlich’s reagent), L-hydroxyproline, sodium acetate, citric acid, perchloric acid, n-propanol, sodium hydroxide, and acetic acid were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company, St Louis, MO, USA. Double distilled water was used throughout the study. Animal Care Healthy adult male Wister rats each weighting 150-200g (four to six weeks old) were obtained from Breeding Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The animals were labeled by identifying ear notches,
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