BIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS - Portal do Professor

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER 5 Bio-cultural Community Protocols and Protected Areas Barbara Lassen, Gary Martin and Olivier Rukundo 1 1. People and Protected Areas: A Paradigm Shift Significant changes have taken place in international conservation policies in the last few years. There is growing awareness of the role of indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs) in the management of protected areas designated by governments, and equally, of the importance of sites and landscapes managed by communities themselves. The contribution of these communities and their traditional knowledge, innovations and practices (TK) to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in and around protected areas is gradually being recognized. Yet this paradigm shift from exclusionary protection towards inclusive and local participatory management models poses many challenges. Integrating governmental and private conservation institutions and management practices with local values and customary governance of biodiversity is a complex task for all actors involved. It involves multifaceted issues of rights and responsibilities, land tenure, contemporary and customary knowledge, relevant institutions, and sharing of costs and benefits. 2 Bio-cultural community protocols (BCPs) can play a significant role at this interface of these issues, assisting ILCs to assert their bio-cultural values and rights to engage with protected area authorities and protect their TK. This chapter briefly explores the interplay between protected areas, ILCs and TK within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA). It then evaluates the contribution that BCPs can make to improving ILCs’ participation in two types of protected areas, namely: collaboratively managed protected areas (CMPAs) and indigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs). 1.1 Protected Areas and Traditional Knowledge under the CBD: Making the Link The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) situates protected areas as a central instrument to achieve in situ conservation. As stated in Article 2 of the CBD, a protected area is “a geographically defined area, which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives”. More specifically, Article 8 of the CBD clearly calls on each Contracting Party to: (8a) Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity; (8b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity. 3 1 . Barbara Lassen, Programme Officer, Implementing the Biodiversity Convention, Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ); Gary Martin, PhD, Director of the Global Diversity Foundation, and Lecturer, Centre for Biocultural Diversity, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent; and Olivier Rukundo, Legal Research Fellow, Centre for International Sustainable Development Law, and Associate, Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment. 2. Kothari, Ashish, Protected areas and people: the future of the past, in: PARKS Vol. 17 No 2, 2008, p. 23-34. 3 . Article 8a and 8b, text of the Convention available at, http://www.cbd.int/convention/articles.shtml?a=cbd-08. 52
PART II / CHAPTER 5 To achieve this, the Parties agreed in 2004 on a PoWPA that features goals and activities that specifically relate to the rights of ILCs, especially through Element 2, which is premised on governance, participation, equity, and benefit-sharing. 4 In turn, the CBD Programme of Work on the Implementation of Article 8(j) on traditional knowledge includes a component that specifically refers to the management of protected areas by ILCs. 5 The three goals of the CBD (conservation, sustainable use and fair and equitable sharing of benefits) and the resulting commitments are designed to be interrelated and mutually supportive. Thus, the provisions of the CBD have to be read and interpreted in a holistic and integrative manner. Commitments to promote the sustainable use of biological resources should, for instance, have direct bearing on the choice of strategies for the management of protected areas. Similarly, the obligation to support ILCs and protect TK applies to communities in and around protected areas, which in turn entails an obligation to take into account the rights of ILCs to their resources and TK in the elaboration of protected area policies. The provisions of the CBD on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS), including those related to traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources, are of equal importance for their application to a range of activities that could take place within or in the vicinity of protected areas. This point is affirmed when we look at the CBD’s provisions from a community perspective. The Makuya community, for example, is situated on the northwest perimeter of the Kruger National Park in northeast South Africa. The Makuya live outside the park, but engage with the Kruger National Park officials in a quid pro quo relationship in which community members receive saplings and plants for a medicinal plants conservation area in return for community-based action against poaching. They also own the Makuya Nature Reserve, a community-run ICCA, and are also holders of a wealth of TK relevant for the conservation of biological diversity, about which they been approached by researchers. The Makuya, therefore, engage with all three elements of the CBD simultaneously, and each aspect – the Kruger park (protected area), the Makuya Nature Reserve (conservation and BIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS AND PROTECTED AREAS sustainable use) and their TK (relevant for benefit sharing) – supports and promotes the others. 1.2 Governance of Protected Areas The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as “an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means [emphasis added]” 6 This definition reflects an evolving view of conservation that can accommodate the social, economic and cultural interests, and values, rights and responsibilities of people living in and around protected areas. The revised IUCN Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories 7 further recognize that protected areas can be governed not only by state agencies, but also by a range of other actors, including ILCs. The IUCN distinguishes four broad protected area governance types according to who holds decision-making and management authority and responsibility: governance by government; shared governance; private governance; and governance by ILCs. PoWPA invites parties to recognize and promote a broad set of protected area governance types related to their potential for achieving biodiversity conservation goals in accordance with the Convention, which may include areas conserved by indigenous and local communities and private nature reserves. 8 This was reiterated at the 9th Conference of Parties to the CBD (Bonn, May 2008), at which parties adopted Decision IX/18 on protected areas with a recommendation to: • improve and, where necessary, diversify and strengthen protected area governance types, leading to or in accordance with appropriate national legislation including recognizing and taking into account, where appropriate, indigenous, local and other community-based organizations; and • recognize the contribution of, where appropriate, co-managed protected areas, private protected areas and indigenous and local community conserved areas within the national protected area system through acknowledgement in national legislation or other effective means. 9 4 . See Decision VII/28. 5 . See Decision VI/10. 6 . IUCN (1994). Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories. IUCN, Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland. 7 . Dudley, Nigel, editor. 2008. Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN. 8. See, Conference of the Parties, Decision VII/28, full text of the decision is available at http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7765. 9. See, Conference of the Parties, Decision IX/18, full text of the decision is available at http://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=11661. 53
Page 1 and 2: BIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS A
Page 3 and 4: BIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS A
Page 5 and 6: ACRONYMS INTRODUCTION PART I PART I
Page 7 and 8: ABS Access and Benefit Sharing BABS
Page 9 and 10: The next twelve months is an import
Page 12 and 13: CHAPTER 1 A Bio-cultural Critique o
Page 14 and 15: PART I / CHAPTER 1 3. Bio-cultural
Page 16 and 17: PART I / CHAPTER 1 • We hold prec
Page 18 and 19: PART I / CHAPTER 1 5. The Importanc
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 2 Bio-cultural Community Pr
Page 22 and 23: PART I / CHAPTER 2 Overall, BCPs ar
Page 24 and 25: PART I / CHAPTER 2 relationship wit
Page 26 and 27: PART I / CHAPTER 2 Our bio-spiritua
Page 28 and 29: PART I / CHAPTER 2 3.6 The Cultural
Page 30 and 31: PART I / CHAPTER 2 • The research
Page 32 and 33: PART I / CHAPTER 2 We have witnesse
Page 34 and 35: PART I / CHAPTER 2 4. Lessons Learn
Page 36 and 37: PART I / CHAPTER 2 4.2 Users BCPs a
Page 38 and 39: PART I / CHAPTER 3 Although other P
Page 40 and 41: PART I / CHAPTER 3 It was further e
Page 44 and 45: 01 01. Traditional healers from the
Page 46 and 47: PART II / CHAPTER 4 Many ILCs have
Page 48 and 49: PART II / CHAPTER 4 4.1 Bio-cultura
Page 50: PART II / CHAPTER 4 These are our r
Page 55 and 56: PART II / CHAPTER 5 processes of fr
Page 60 and 61: PART II / CHAPTER 6 There are also
Page 62 and 63: PART II / CHAPTER 6 • In-kind pay
Page 64 and 65: PART II / CHAPTER 6 5. The Options
Page 66: PART II / CHAPTER 6 5.7 Bio-cultura
Page 69 and 70: PART III / CHAPTER 7 2. Free, Prior
Page 71 and 72: PART III / CHAPTER 7 Locke also rem
Page 73 and 74: PART III / CHAPTER 7 body with the
Page 75 and 76: APPENDIX A notable feature of the c
Page 77 and 78: APPENDIX RAIKA BIO-CULTURAL PROTOCO
Page 87: APPENDIX RAIKA BIO-CULTURAL PROTOCO

BIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY PROTOCOLS - Portal do Professor

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?