Connectionist Modeling of Experience-based Effects in Sentence ...

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Contents List of Figures VI List of Tables VII 1 Preliminaries 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Relative Clauses and Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Psycholinguistic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.1 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3.2 Expectation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3.3 Canonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.3.4 Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Issues in Relative Clause Processing 18 2.1 The Subject/Object Difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 Chinese Relative Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3 Predicting RC Extraction Preferences Cross-linguistically . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.1 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3.2 Expectation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.3 Canonicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.4 Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.5 Other Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4 The RC Extraction Preference in Mandarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.5 Forgetting Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.1 The Grammaticality Illusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.2 Explaining the Forgetting Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 Connectionist Modelling of Language Comprehension 47 3.1 Structure and Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2 Recursion and Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3 A Model of RC Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3.1 MacDonald and Christiansen (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3.2 Critique and Relation to other Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 3.3.3 What is learned? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 IV
Contents 3.3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4 Two SRN Prediction Studies 62 4.1 The Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.1.1 Network Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.1.2 Grammar and Corpora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.1.3 Training and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.2 Replication of Previous Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.3 RC Extraction in Mandarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3.1 Simulation 1: Regularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3.2 Simulation 2: Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.3.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4 Forgetting Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4.1 The model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 4.4.2 Simulation 3: English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.4.3 Simulation 4: German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Bibliography VIII A Statistics XVII B Grammars XIX B.1 English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX B.2 German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX B.3 Mandarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXII V
Page 1 and 2: Connectionist Modeling of Experienc
Page 3: Acknowledgments I am grateful to Be
Page 7 and 8: List of Tables 2.1 Languages with s
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Preliminaries and the ACT
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Preliminaries (1) a. The
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 Psycholinguistic Aspects Chapte
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Preliminaries referrentia
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Preliminaries empirically
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Preliminaries rial, in Le
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Preliminaries are limited
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Preliminaries predictor.
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Issues in Relative Clause
Page 45 and 46: clear predictions for head-final RC
Page 51 and 52: Reading time [ms] 400 600 800 1000
Page 55 and 56:
OUTPUT PUT PLAN Chapter 3 Connectio
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 3 Connectionist Modelling o
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
German Word Order Chapter 3 Connect
Page 65 and 66:
Length-Adjusted Reading Time (ms) C
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 4 Two SRN Prediction Studie
Page 71 and 72:
4.1.3 Training and Testing Chapter
Page 73 and 74:
GPE 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 English
Page 75 and 76:
(23) [V1 [N1 V2 de ORC ] N2 de SRC
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
(27) German with commas: a. SRC: S1
Page 87 and 88:
4.4.4 Discussion Chapter 4 Two SRN
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Bibliography M. H. Christiansen. Th
Page 93 and 94:
Bibliography E. Gibson and J. Thoma
Page 95 and 96:
Bibliography J. W. King and M. Kuta
Page 97 and 98:
Bibliography F. Reali and M. H. Chr
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Appendix A Statistics SRC ORC regio
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix B Grammars B.1 English (wr
Page 103 and 104:
B.2 German {numREL, Nnom, RC RCpure
Page 105 and 106:
B.3 Mandarin Rel : SRC (0.85) | ORC
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