Connectionist Modeling of Experience-based Effects in Sentence ...

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List of Figures 1.1 DLT memory cost for English RC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 English RC reading times (King and Just, 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.2 DLT memory cost for English RCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.3 DLT memory cost for Mandarin RCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4 CC-READER simulation on English RCs (Just and Carpenter, 1992) . . 28 2.5 DLT memory cost for the three VPs in a doubly embedded ORC. . . . . 41 2.6 Ungrammaticality in English (Vasishth et al., 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.7 Ungrammaticality in German (Vasishth et al., 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.1 Simple recurrent network (Elman, 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2 Ungrammaticality simulation (Christiansen and Chater, 1999) . . . . . . 51 3.3 F requency × Regularity simulation (MacDonald and Christiansen, 2002) 53 3.4 Wells et al. (2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.5 Wells et al. (2009) compared MacDonald and Christiansen (2002) . . . . 59 4.1 Replication of MacDonald and Christiansen (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.2 Replication of Konieczny and Ruh (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3 Output node activations on the relativizer in Mandarin . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.4 Simulation 1: Mandarin ORC regularity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.5 Simulation 2: Mandarin SRC Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.6 Simulation 3a: Forgetting effect in English without commas . . . . . . . 75 4.7 Simulation 3b: Forgetting effect in English with commas . . . . . . . . . 77 4.8 Simulation 4a: Forgetting effect in German . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.9 Simulation 4b: Forgetting effect in German without commas . . . . . . . 79 VI
List of Tables 2.1 Languages with subject preference (Lin and Bever, 2006b) . . . . . . . . 20 2.2 Mandarin corpus study (Kuo and Vasishth, 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3 RC Extraction preference predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 Studies of Mandarin RC extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 A.1 Statistics for simulation 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII A.2 Statistics for simulation 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII A.3 Statistics for simulation 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII A.4 Statistics for simulation 3b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII A.5 Statistics for simulation 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII A.6 Statistics for simulation 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII B.1 Mandarin lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII VII
Page 1 and 2: Connectionist Modeling of Experienc
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgments I am grateful to Be
Page 5: Contents 3.3.4 Summary . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10: Chapter 1 Preliminaries and the ACT
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 Preliminaries (1) a. The
Page 13 and 14: 1.3 Psycholinguistic Aspects Chapte
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Preliminaries referrentia
Page 17 and 18: Chapter 1 Preliminaries empirically
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 1 Preliminaries rial, in Le
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 1 Preliminaries are limited
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1 Preliminaries predictor.
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 2 Issues in Relative Clause
Page 45 and 46: clear predictions for head-final RC
Page 51 and 52: Reading time [ms] 400 600 800 1000
Page 55 and 56: OUTPUT PUT PLAN Chapter 3 Connectio
Page 57 and 58:
Chapter 3 Connectionist Modelling o
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
German Word Order Chapter 3 Connect
Page 65 and 66:
Length-Adjusted Reading Time (ms) C
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Chapter 4 Two SRN Prediction Studie
Page 71 and 72:
4.1.3 Training and Testing Chapter
Page 73 and 74:
GPE 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 English
Page 75 and 76:
(23) [V1 [N1 V2 de ORC ] N2 de SRC
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
(27) German with commas: a. SRC: S1
Page 87 and 88:
4.4.4 Discussion Chapter 4 Two SRN
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Bibliography M. H. Christiansen. Th
Page 93 and 94:
Bibliography E. Gibson and J. Thoma
Page 95 and 96:
Bibliography J. W. King and M. Kuta
Page 97 and 98:
Bibliography F. Reali and M. H. Chr
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Appendix A Statistics SRC ORC regio
Page 101 and 102:
Appendix B Grammars B.1 English (wr
Page 103 and 104:
B.2 German {numREL, Nnom, RC RCpure
Page 105 and 106:
B.3 Mandarin Rel : SRC (0.85) | ORC
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