GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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4 2. PREVIOUS WORKS AND GEOLOGIC SETTING 2.1 Previous Works Systematic geological mapping on the scale of 1:63,360 covering the Transect area on the Malaysian side had been intially carried out by the geologists of formerly Geological Survey Department between 1957 to 1963, i.e. C.R. Jones and C.K. Burton in the Gerik and Baling areas, respectively. Their works were later published as District Memoir 11 (Jones, 1970) and District Memoir 12 (Burton, 1970). Burton (1965 & 1970) informally introduced the term Baling formation to designate a widespread sequence of graptolites and Tentaculites bearing black shale, sub-mature arenites, calcareous shales, siltstone, calcareous sandstone and limestone exposed in the Baling area, Kedah. The geographic name of this formation has been taken after the name of the Baling town, east of Kedah State. Burton (1965) assigned the age of the Baling formation as Early Silurian based on graptolites found in this area. The term Baling formation was also adopted by Jones (1968a) for pre-granite sedimentary rocks in the Gerik area. Later, Burton (1967 & 1972) indicated the possibility of raising the status of Baling formation to Baling group. In the Baling area, Burton (1970) recognised four principal lithofacies in the Baling formation (now known as Baling group): argillaceous facies (mainly carbonaceous and siliceous shales), with subordinate arenaceous, calc-silicate facies and minor calcareous facies. Similar stratigraphic nomenclature was followed by Jones (1970) for the rock units in the Gerik area, but with inclusion of a prominent pyroclastic facies (rhyolitic to rhyodacitic tuffs) into the Baling formation. Jones (1973a) estimated the thickness of the Baling group rock sequence is at least 2,700 m. Burton (1986) reviewed the Baling formation and raised its stratigraphic rank to the Baling group. He divided the Baling group into three units: i) Kroh formation: composed of predominantly black argillites with minor calcareous rocks. ii) Grik tuff: composed of a thick sequence of pyroclastic rocks of rhyolitic to rhyodacitic composition. iii) Papulut quartzite: composed of arenites and limestone, and calc-silicate rocks. Systematic geological mapping activity in the north Perak and north Kedah areas was stopped for sometimes due to security reasons. However, systematic geological mapping programme on the scale of 1:63,360 was later resumed in early nineties when problems on security were settled. Mohd Badzran et al. mapped the Kerunai area (Sheet 19) during the year 1991-1993, and Mohd Asbi et al. mapped part of the Gerik area (Sheet 31) during the year 1994-1996. They adopted the stratigraphic rank of Baling formation as proposed by Burton (1970) and Jones (1970). Abdullah Sulaiman and Mat Niza Abdul Rahman mapped the Gubir area (Sheet 9 and parts of Sheets 2, 3 & 10) and the Baling area (parts of Sheet 18) in 1995-1999 but they adopted the stratigraphical rank “Baling group” as proposed by Burton (1986). Mohd Badzran et al. (1993) noted the occurrence of two younger rock units in the Kerunai area and assigned the two rock units as Kobeh sandstone (Triassic?) and Nenering beds (late Tertiary–Pleistocene?). The term Kobeh sandstone was referred to the sequence of areno-argillaceous rocks, assumed overlying uncomformably the Kroh formation (SDkr). Exposures of this rock unit can be observed along the security road of Malaysia-Thailand border in the Nenering area. The Nenering beds was introduced for the semi-consolidated continental deposits, which is correlatable with the late Tertiary– Pleistocene Lawin beds.
Basir Jasin (1995) reported the occurrence of Early Carboniferous radiolarian in the chert of the Kubang Pasu Formation. Basir Jasin and Zaiton Harun (2001) confirmed the earlier finding and they also reported the occurrences of Albailella indensis-rota Assemblage Zone in the chert representing the lower part of the Kubang Pasu Formation at Bukit Binjal, Kedah. This confirms that the age of the Kubang Pasu Formation is late Tournaisian (Early Carboniferous). The Transect area on the Thai side was first mapped by the then Geological Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources Thailand (Muenlek et al., 1979) on scale 1:250,000 at Sheet NB 47-85 (Changwat Narathiwat and Takbai District; reprinted in 1985) and Sheet NB 47-12 (Betong District; reprinted in 1985). Muenlek et al. (1979) introduced the Silurian-Devonian rocks as the Ban To and Betong Formations. The former consists of recrystallized limestones to marble, quartzite, phyllite, phyllitic schist and mica-schist, and the latter comprises shales with Tentaculites elegans, cherts, siliceous shales, meta-tuff, carbonaceous shales, argillite, mudstones, sandstones and bedded recrystallized limestones. Hutchison and Taylor (1978) proposed three geographical granite belts in Malaysian peninsula based on lithology and petrochemistry of the granite. The Eastern belt granitoids are composed mostly of I-type, magnetite series granitoids. The Main Range granitoids in the central belt are composed mainly of S-type, ilmenite series granitoids with minor intrusion of I-type, magnetite series granitoids. The western belt granitoids consist of both I-type, magnetite series granitoids and S-type, ilmenite series granitoids. Muenlek et al. (1982) published a regional geological map, Narathiwat sheet scale 1:250,000. The individual granite pluton was preliminarily studied petrographically, and subsequently three granite phases were classified as gneissic granite, coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite and tourmaline-muscovite granite. Cobbing et al. (1986) studied petrography, geochemistry, and Rb/Sr age determination of the granites of the South East Asian tin belt. They suggested that the granites in the east coast of Thai-Malay peninsula are mainly Triassic in age. The granite within the Transect area can be classified as a Triassic Main Range Granite or Triassic Central Belt Granite. Nakapadungrat et al. (1988) introduced the Carboniferous rock sequences cropping out in Sabayoi Quadrangle, Thailand as the Yaha Formation, which can be correlated with the Kubang Pasu Formation on the Malaysian side. Sashida et al. (1998) reported the occurrence of Early Carboniferous radiolarians in chert lenses intercalated with sandstone and siltstone-dominated sequence at Ban Wang Yai, 12 km east of Na Thawi District and Ban Kabang of Kabang District, Yala Province. These radiolarians are Eutactinia varispina, E. vulgaris, Astroentactinia multispinosa, Spongentactinia sp., and Triaenospaera sp. indicative of an Early Carboniferous age of Tournaisian stage (Sashida et al., 2000). Charusiri, B & Charusiri, P. (1990) studied the geology and Sn-minineralization at Pin Yo mine in the Tham Talu mineralization zone. They concluded that the Sn- and Bamineralization could be classified as a metasomatic exoskarn in contact zone of Triassic granite and Permian limestone. Tonnayopas (1994) studied the geology and stratigraphy of the Bang Lang Dam area situated in the northeastern part of the Transect area. He suggested that sequence of mainly sandstone, shale, argillite and schist in the Bang Lang Dam site area could be identified to the Kanchanaburi Formation introduced by Javanaphet (1969); with igneous intrusion in the west of the dam site. Tonnayopas (1994) separated the Kanchanaburi 5
Page 5 and 6: GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETON
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE This report together with t
Page 9 and 10: Geology of the Pengkalan Hulu-Beton
Page 11: granite (Trgrbp/pr) and Kawi granit
Page 14 and 15: x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Lo
Page 17 and 18: 1. INTRODUCTION The Malaysia-Thaila
Page 19: On the Thai side, detailed systemat
Page 23 and 24: Permian as indicated by the presenc
Page 25 and 26: Central - North Peninsular Malaysia
Page 27 and 28: The Permian Ratburi Group (Prb), un
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5: General succession of the
Page 31 and 32: Era CENOZOIC MESOZOIC P A L A E O Z
Page 33 and 34: strong isoclinal folding, faulting,
Page 35 and 36: A B Figure 8: Argillaceous facies o
Page 37 and 38: Fossils and age According to the ea
Page 39 and 40: metaconglomerate occurs in the uppe
Page 41 and 42: The lower part of the formation is
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 45 and 46: A Figure 16: Photographs showing th
Page 47 and 48: the banks of small rivers and strea
Page 49 and 50: Figure 18: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 51 and 52: A C Figure 20: Photographs of the u
Page 53 and 54: Lithology The Tham Krachaeng format
Page 55 and 56: 3.1.4 The Gerik formation (Pgk) The
Page 57 and 58: Small amounts of interbedded sedime
Page 59 and 60: Depositional environment Based on t
Page 61 and 62: nomenclature of the Nenering beds (
Page 63 and 64: A B Figure 33: Exposures of the Nen
Page 65 and 66: A B Figure 35: Outcrop of Basal Gra
Page 67 and 68: The rock sequence of the Nenering b
Page 69 and 70: 3.3.1 Rimba Telui/Si Nakhon granite
Page 71 and 72:
3.3.2 Bintang granite (Trgrbt) Dist
Page 73 and 74:
A B Figure 41: The Chantharat grani
Page 75 and 76:
intrusion of the granitoids mention
Page 77 and 78:
The Silurian-Devonian rock sequence
Page 79 and 80:
5.2 Metallic Minerals The occurrenc
Page 81 and 82:
arsenopyrite and grossularite are c
Page 83 and 84:
British American Tin Mines Company
Page 85 and 86:
5.3 Non-Metallic Minerals and Hot S
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 50: Limestone quarry at Buki
Page 89 and 90:
Ban Bor Nam Ron, 9 km north of Beto
Page 91 and 92:
well-cemented, poorly sorted matrix
Page 93 and 94:
Foo, K.Y., 1990. Geology and Minera
Page 95 and 96:
Sashida, K., Nakornsri, N., Ueno, K
Page 97 and 98:
Appendix 1: List of the Malaysian W
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix 3: XRD analysis results fo
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