GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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74 the eastern extension of the rock sequence of the Kubang Pasu Formation (Ckp) which exposed in northeast Kedah State. This idea is supported by the occurrence of Lower Carboniferous radiolaria in the chert along the security road-cuts. iv. The Grik tuff, which was previously considered for a long time as Ordovician in age, is now assigned as not older than Carboniferous. Middle Permian age is favoured by the finding of Anisopyge sp. and Phillipsia sp. (trilobite) as well as Chonetid (brachipod) within the calcareous shale interbedded with tuff at Kampung Batu 2, Gerik. The name Grik tuff is now being proposed by the Malaysian Working Group to be changed to the Gerik formation (Pgk). v. The Nenering beds, which was previously interpreted to consist of three sequences i.e the Lower, Middle and Upper units is now being proposed to retain the original division of the Middle and Upper units (now designated into Lower and Upper unit). The earlier Lower unit is now being interpreted to be much older age than the earlier thought, i.e Late Cretaceous which is now designated as the Berapit formation (Kbr). Conclusions i. Problems on the discontinuity among rock unit boundaries between the Paleozoic rocks to Quaternary deposits, and the extension of granitic rocks on both the Malaysian and Thai sides have been satisfactorily resolved. ii. The marine sedimentation took place continuously throughout the Paleozoic Era. Large breaks during Mesozoic Era can be observed and the Cretaceous continental sediments were deposited sporadically. iii. The oldest rocks in the Transect area is the Silurian-Devonian Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt), consisting mainly of shale, siltstone, sandstone with subordinate chert and argillaceous limestone lenses. Many fossil assemblages, i.e. Tentaculites elegans, Tentaculites sp., graptolite, brachiopods, trilobite, conodont and radiolarian, indicate a Silurian-Devonian age. The conformably overlying unit, the Kubang Pasu/Yaha Formation (Ckp/yh), is characterized by the presence of sandstone, siltstone, shale, chert, limestone lenses, phyllite, phyllitic schist with minor quartzite, and calc-silicate. Based on the presence of the radiolarian and conodont, the formation is considered to be Carboniferous age. iv. There are two different Permian strata in the Transect area. The Middle Permian Gerik formation, composing predominantly of pyroclastic rocks intercalated with subordinate limestone and calcareous shale with Anisopyge sp. and Phillipsia sp. (trilobite) as well as Chonetid (brachiopod) is exposed only in the southern part of the Transect area (Malaysian side). The Ratburi Group, which exposed only in the northern part of the Transect area (Thai side) is lithologically subdivided into two formations, the Sri Paen (Psp) and the Tham Krachaeng (Ptk) formations. The Early Permian Sri Paen formation is predominantly composed of argillaceous limestone, shale, siltstone and chert with minor sandstone in the upper part. The Middle Permian Tham Krachaeng formation consists mainly of recrystallized limestone and marble with chert nodules and lenses. The occurrence of the fossil assemblages, i.e. bivalves, brachiopods, radiolarian and fusulinids indicates a Permian age. v. The Cretaceous Berapit formation (Kbr) is well exposed at Km 2.2 along the Malaysia-Thailand border security road on the Malaysian side. It is composed of
well-cemented, poorly sorted matrix supported conglomerate that unconformably overlies the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt). vi. The unconsolidated sediments can be subdivided into two units: the Pleistocene Nenering/Ai Yoe Boe Chang beds (Qnn/ay) and Recent fluvial deposit (Qa). The former unit, more than 30 m thick, is characterized by gravel, sand, silt, and laterite with abundant iron concretions. Imbrications and various sizes of clasts indicate that the palaeocurrent ran toward northeast on the Malaysian side and southeast on the Thai side. The Recent fluvial deposit is confined to valleys of the main rivers and composed mainly of sand, silt and clay. vii. Triassic granitic rocks: Rimba Telui/Si Nakhon (Trgrrt/sn), Chantharat (Trgrch), Damar (Trgrdm), Batu Putih/Pa Ret Tu (Trgrbp/pr) and Kawi (Trgrkw) granites intruded the Palaeozoic succession in the western, central and eastern parts of the Transect area. The granites are composed mainly of porphyritic biotite granite including pegmatite and minor phase of tourmaline granite, leucocratic granite or aplite with associated tin deposit, barite, and base metal sulfide minerals. viii. N-S and NE-SW trending quartz dykes usually intruded the country rocks, especially in Carboniferous rocks exposed in the lower and middle parts of the Transect area. Contact metamorphism and associated late stage mineralizations can be observed in the country rocks. ix. The Silurian-Devonian sequences display tight to isoclinal folds plunging towards NE. The Carboniferous rocks in southern part of the area are broadly folded plunging generally toward SE, whereas in the northern part, the fold axes are represented by the N-S and NE-SW trending broad folds with generally eastward dipping. The Pleistocene strata show broad synclines plunging generally towards NW. x. There are several strike-slip and normal faults trending N-S, NW-SE and NE-SW. xi. Barite has been recently discovered in the Transect area near Kampung Pong, Pengkalan Hulu (Malaysian side) and Ban Ka Pae Hulu, Betong District (Thai side). Further detailed study on these deposits is suggested in the future. xii. Large amounts of feldspar are available in the tuff of the Gerik formation in Malaysia and they may be potential sources for feldspar extraction. Further detailed study on these deposits is suggested in the future. xiii. Other mineral deposits such as tin, tungsten, heavy minerals, rock aggregates, sand and gravel are also recognised. xiv. Hot springs occur along N-S trending faults and have been developed as tourist attractions in both countries. 75
Page 5 and 6:
GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETON
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PREFACE This report together with t
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Geology of the Pengkalan Hulu-Beton
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granite (Trgrbp/pr) and Kawi granit
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x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Lo
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1. INTRODUCTION The Malaysia-Thaila
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On the Thai side, detailed systemat
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Basir Jasin (1995) reported the occ
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Permian as indicated by the presenc
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Central - North Peninsular Malaysia
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The Permian Ratburi Group (Prb), un
Page 29 and 30:
Figure 5: General succession of the
Page 31 and 32:
Era CENOZOIC MESOZOIC P A L A E O Z
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strong isoclinal folding, faulting,
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A B Figure 8: Argillaceous facies o
Page 37 and 38:
Fossils and age According to the ea
Page 39 and 40: metaconglomerate occurs in the uppe
Page 41 and 42: The lower part of the formation is
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 45 and 46: A Figure 16: Photographs showing th
Page 47 and 48: the banks of small rivers and strea
Page 49 and 50: Figure 18: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 51 and 52: A C Figure 20: Photographs of the u
Page 53 and 54: Lithology The Tham Krachaeng format
Page 55 and 56: 3.1.4 The Gerik formation (Pgk) The
Page 57 and 58: Small amounts of interbedded sedime
Page 59 and 60: Depositional environment Based on t
Page 61 and 62: nomenclature of the Nenering beds (
Page 63 and 64: A B Figure 33: Exposures of the Nen
Page 65 and 66: A B Figure 35: Outcrop of Basal Gra
Page 67 and 68: The rock sequence of the Nenering b
Page 69 and 70: 3.3.1 Rimba Telui/Si Nakhon granite
Page 71 and 72: 3.3.2 Bintang granite (Trgrbt) Dist
Page 73 and 74: A B Figure 41: The Chantharat grani
Page 75 and 76: intrusion of the granitoids mention
Page 77 and 78: The Silurian-Devonian rock sequence
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Metallic Minerals The occurrenc
Page 81 and 82: arsenopyrite and grossularite are c
Page 83 and 84: British American Tin Mines Company
Page 85 and 86: 5.3 Non-Metallic Minerals and Hot S
Page 87 and 88: Figure 50: Limestone quarry at Buki
Page 89: Ban Bor Nam Ron, 9 km north of Beto
Page 93 and 94: Foo, K.Y., 1990. Geology and Minera
Page 95 and 96: Sashida, K., Nakornsri, N., Ueno, K
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1: List of the Malaysian W
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 3: XRD analysis results fo
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