GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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20 A C D Figure 10: Fossils in the argillaceous facies of the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt) at Km 4, Malaysia-Thailand border road, Thailand. A- Outcrop of the Tentaculites fossil locality. B – D- Tentaculites collected from various localities. A A Figure 11: Arenaceous facies of the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt). A- Exposure at Km 8 to Baling town from Pengkalan Hulu, Malaysia. B- Outcrop exposed at Ban Piyamit III village, Betong, Thailand. B B
Fossils and age According to the earlier workers, the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt) on the Malaysian side is fossiliferous and contains many index fossils. The Malaysian Working Group tried to revisit the fossil localities mentioned in the previous publications, but the localities which either have been overgrown with vegetation or the rocks are very highly weathered, and the fossils are no longer observable. Thus, this report will be incorporating the fossils data and findings published by earlier workers together with fossils collected from current work. Jones (1968b) reported the presence of the Ordovician trilobites belonging to the Trinodus and Solenoharpes (?) genera in the Sungai Rui valley. Kobayashi and Hamada (1971) mentioned that Kobayashi had primarily suggested an Ordovician age for “Trinodus- like cephalon” collected by Burton and his assistants from silty mudstone near Kroh, Perak. It was, however, accompanied by proetoids (trilobite) resembling Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous cyrtosymbolids. Burton (1986) suggested those fossil assemblages indicate the Ordovician age (without quoting the work of Kobayashi & Hamada, 1971). Hamada (1970) and Hamada et al. (1975) reported that the Kroh fauna in Perak contains various types of brachiopods and trilobites as well as Tentaculites and graptolites that indicate a Devonian age. Plectodonta pacifica, Plectodonta burtonae and Perakia undulata (Hamada, 1969) are the common brachiopods found in Kroh (Pengkalan Hulu). Tentaculites, Nowakia sp. and Styliolina sp. are abundant. However, according to Boucek (in Jones et al., 1966) the Tentaculites were close to Lower Devonian Nowakia acuaria. Common Devonian trilobites in the Kroh area are Pseudotrinodus aenigma (Kobayashi & Hamada, 1971), Blanodalmanites nubelania (Kobayashi & Hamada, 1972), Bailielloides inexpectans, (Kobayashi & Hamada, 1972) and Harpes (s.l) kylindrorhachis (Kobayashi & Hamada, 1972). However, Burton (1986) mentioned the trilobites were apparently Ordovician age based on Kobayashi’s preliminary identification of Trinodus (trilobite) resulting in interpreting the age of Kroh formation down to Ordovician. Jones (1973b) reported that the graptolites found in the valley of Sungai Rui appeared to be Middle-Upper Llandovery (Lower Silurian) forms. The Tentaculites from one locality at 0.8 km southeast of Kampung Pahit, Pengkalan Hulu (Kroh) have been identified as Styliolina sp. plus a form close to Nowakia acuaria indicating Early Emsian age (upper Lower Devonian). The occurrence of brachiopods indicating Early Devonian age was also reported. Burton (1986) reported that no Middle – Upper Silurian fossils had been found in the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt); therefore he assumed that there was a depositional hiatus in the Kroh area during the Upper Silurian. However, Burton might overlook the fact that Kobayashi & Hamada (1972) and Hamada et al. (1975) have studied in detail the older and Middle Palaeozoic formations and the fossils of Thailand and Malaysia, including the Pengkalan Hulu (Kroh) area, Upper Perak. They have identified that the fossils range in age from Emsian – Eifelian or Emsian – Couvinian (stage of Devonian) in the Kroh area. Therefore, there was continuous deposition of sediments during the Upper Silurian. Mohd Badzran et al. (1993) also found some graptolites: Monograptus sp. and Spirograptus sp. in the argillite near Kampung Pahit that indicates Early Silurian age (Figure 8). During the current mapping project, the Malaysian Working Group found a number of Tentaculites, graptolites, brachiopod, and trilobite. Evidently the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt) contains both Lower Silurian and Lower Devonian strata but there is no clear indication on the presence of Ordovician fossils. From the above evidences, it 21
Page 5 and 6: GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETON
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE This report together with t
Page 9 and 10: Geology of the Pengkalan Hulu-Beton
Page 11: granite (Trgrbp/pr) and Kawi granit
Page 14 and 15: x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Lo
Page 17 and 18: 1. INTRODUCTION The Malaysia-Thaila
Page 19 and 20: On the Thai side, detailed systemat
Page 21 and 22: Basir Jasin (1995) reported the occ
Page 23 and 24: Permian as indicated by the presenc
Page 25 and 26: Central - North Peninsular Malaysia
Page 27 and 28: The Permian Ratburi Group (Prb), un
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5: General succession of the
Page 31 and 32: Era CENOZOIC MESOZOIC P A L A E O Z
Page 33 and 34: strong isoclinal folding, faulting,
Page 35: A B Figure 8: Argillaceous facies o
Page 39 and 40: metaconglomerate occurs in the uppe
Page 41 and 42: The lower part of the formation is
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 45 and 46: A Figure 16: Photographs showing th
Page 47 and 48: the banks of small rivers and strea
Page 49 and 50: Figure 18: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 51 and 52: A C Figure 20: Photographs of the u
Page 53 and 54: Lithology The Tham Krachaeng format
Page 55 and 56: 3.1.4 The Gerik formation (Pgk) The
Page 57 and 58: Small amounts of interbedded sedime
Page 59 and 60: Depositional environment Based on t
Page 61 and 62: nomenclature of the Nenering beds (
Page 63 and 64: A B Figure 33: Exposures of the Nen
Page 65 and 66: A B Figure 35: Outcrop of Basal Gra
Page 67 and 68: The rock sequence of the Nenering b
Page 69 and 70: 3.3.1 Rimba Telui/Si Nakhon granite
Page 71 and 72: 3.3.2 Bintang granite (Trgrbt) Dist
Page 73 and 74: A B Figure 41: The Chantharat grani
Page 75 and 76: intrusion of the granitoids mention
Page 77 and 78: The Silurian-Devonian rock sequence
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Metallic Minerals The occurrenc
Page 81 and 82: arsenopyrite and grossularite are c
Page 83 and 84: British American Tin Mines Company
Page 85 and 86: 5.3 Non-Metallic Minerals and Hot S
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 50: Limestone quarry at Buki
Page 89 and 90:
Ban Bor Nam Ron, 9 km north of Beto
Page 91 and 92:
well-cemented, poorly sorted matrix
Page 93 and 94:
Foo, K.Y., 1990. Geology and Minera
Page 95 and 96:
Sashida, K., Nakornsri, N., Ueno, K
Page 97 and 98:
Appendix 1: List of the Malaysian W
Page 99 and 100:
Appendix 3: XRD analysis results fo
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GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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