GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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44 FELDA Lepang Nenering road), Uyop Said and Che Aziz Ali (1997) suggested that the age of the Lower Unit of Nenering beds which is now considered as Berapit formation (Kbr) is of late Early Cretaceous based on the presence of few Caronatispora telata and Spheripollertes scabratus (pollen) that characterize the Aptian – Albian age. Thus it may be concluded that the age of the Berapit formation (Kbr) is at least Cretaceous. Depositional environment Based on poorly sorted, subangular to subrounded clasts which were well cemented by reddish argillaceous and arenaceous materials, the conglomerate unit may be deposited in a channel of a continental area not far from the source. A II Figure 31: Photographs of exposures of the Berapit formation (Kbr) at Km 2.2 along the Malaysia-Thailand border security road (Malaysia). A- The Berapit formation (Kbr) (II) overlying unconformably the Silurian- Devonian Kroh formation (SDkr) (I). B- Close-up view of the conglomerate of the Berapit formation (Kbr). 3.2 Quaternary Geology The unconsolidated sediments were deposited in non-marine environments and can be subdivided into two units in ascending order as follows: the Nenering beds/Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds (Qnn/ay) and Recent fluvial deposit (Qa). These sediments are evidently unconformably overlying the Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt). In Malaysia, these sediments are distributed in a small area at the Lepang Nenering village, whereas on the Thai side, young sediments are locally exposed at the border and to the east of the Betong area. 3.2.1 Nenering beds/Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds (Qnn/ay) I On the Malaysian side, the Nenering beds had been studied by many workers i.e. Teh & Sia (1991), Mohd Badzran et al. (1993), Qalam Azad et al. (1995 & 1998), Che Aziz et al. 1995 and Uyup Said & Che Aziz (1997). In this report, the Lower Unit of the Nenering beds are “taken out” from the original sequence of “Nenering beds” which were originally subdivided into the Lower, Middle, and Upper units by the previous workers. The Lower Unit is now assigned as the Berapit formation (Kbr) as mentioned in earlier chapter. Only the original Middle and Upper units are maintained in the current B
nomenclature of the Nenering beds (Qnn) and they are assigned as the Basal Gravel Beds and Gravelly Sand Layers facies, respectively. On the Thai side, the term Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds is proposed, to describe the young sediments in small hills around the Betong township. It is named after Ai Yoe Boe Chang village where good outcrops are exposed. Distribution In Malaysia, the Nenering beds/Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds (Qnn/ay) are well exposed along the Kampung Ayer Panas-Kampung Lalang road and along the border security road. The outcrops extend from Sungai Kuak, 3.5 km south of Kampung Ayer Panas (7.5 km from Pengkalan Hulu town) to FELDA Nenering in the south, covering an area of about 12 square kilometres. On the Thai side, these sediments, more than 20 m thick, are well exposed at small hills around Betong District. Good exposures of this unit are found along the road-cuts from the checkpoint at the Malaysia-Thailand border to Ai Yoe Boe Chang-Suan Som village. Other outcrops can be observed along the road-cuts from the border check point to Betong town and then to Ya Rom village, and also from Ko Mo 7 to Chantharat villages. Lithology On the Malaysian side, the Nenering beds/Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds (Qnn/ay) is made up essentially of semi-consolidated sediments i.e. sandy, muddy and gravelly layers. The beds are characterised by gentle dips, and exhibits prominently alternating bands of sandy, muddy, and gravelly layers (Figure 32). These gravelly beds unconformably overlies the Silurian-Devonian Kroh formation/Betong Formation (SDkr/bt). A closer observation on the beds shows cross-bedding structures occur in the sandy beds, and graded bedding in the gravel beds. These sediments also show significant differences in clast sizes, from granule (2 mm x 2 mm) to pebble (20 mm x 20 mm), but in some places they reach to boulder size. The clasts are made up essentially of vein quartz, quartzite, sandstone, chert, conglomerate and subordinate amount of shale, limestone, and granite with clast-supported as well as matrix-supported textures. Gravel beds with larger clasts occur in the western part of the Nenering beds/Ai Yoe Boe Chang Gravel beds (Qnn/ay). They appear to gradually decrease in size and abundant in a narrow band overlying the sandy and muddy beds towards the east. Beyond that, the deposits are essentially sandy and muddy up to its eastern extent, and coal-bearing beds were not observed. 45
Page 5 and 6:
GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETON
Page 7 and 8:
PREFACE This report together with t
Page 9 and 10: Geology of the Pengkalan Hulu-Beton
Page 11: granite (Trgrbp/pr) and Kawi granit
Page 14 and 15: x LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Lo
Page 17 and 18: 1. INTRODUCTION The Malaysia-Thaila
Page 19 and 20: On the Thai side, detailed systemat
Page 21 and 22: Basir Jasin (1995) reported the occ
Page 23 and 24: Permian as indicated by the presenc
Page 25 and 26: Central - North Peninsular Malaysia
Page 27 and 28: The Permian Ratburi Group (Prb), un
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5: General succession of the
Page 31 and 32: Era CENOZOIC MESOZOIC P A L A E O Z
Page 33 and 34: strong isoclinal folding, faulting,
Page 35 and 36: A B Figure 8: Argillaceous facies o
Page 37 and 38: Fossils and age According to the ea
Page 39 and 40: metaconglomerate occurs in the uppe
Page 41 and 42: The lower part of the formation is
Page 43 and 44: Figure 14: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 45 and 46: A Figure 16: Photographs showing th
Page 47 and 48: the banks of small rivers and strea
Page 49 and 50: Figure 18: Stratigraphic sequence o
Page 51 and 52: A C Figure 20: Photographs of the u
Page 53 and 54: Lithology The Tham Krachaeng format
Page 55 and 56: 3.1.4 The Gerik formation (Pgk) The
Page 57 and 58: Small amounts of interbedded sedime
Page 59: Depositional environment Based on t
Page 63 and 64: A B Figure 33: Exposures of the Nen
Page 65 and 66: A B Figure 35: Outcrop of Basal Gra
Page 67 and 68: The rock sequence of the Nenering b
Page 69 and 70: 3.3.1 Rimba Telui/Si Nakhon granite
Page 71 and 72: 3.3.2 Bintang granite (Trgrbt) Dist
Page 73 and 74: A B Figure 41: The Chantharat grani
Page 75 and 76: intrusion of the granitoids mention
Page 77 and 78: The Silurian-Devonian rock sequence
Page 79 and 80: 5.2 Metallic Minerals The occurrenc
Page 81 and 82: arsenopyrite and grossularite are c
Page 83 and 84: British American Tin Mines Company
Page 85 and 86: 5.3 Non-Metallic Minerals and Hot S
Page 87 and 88: Figure 50: Limestone quarry at Buki
Page 89 and 90: Ban Bor Nam Ron, 9 km north of Beto
Page 91 and 92: well-cemented, poorly sorted matrix
Page 93 and 94: Foo, K.Y., 1990. Geology and Minera
Page 95 and 96: Sashida, K., Nakornsri, N., Ueno, K
Page 97 and 98: Appendix 1: List of the Malaysian W
Page 99 and 100: Appendix 3: XRD analysis results fo
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GEOLOGY OF THE PENGKALAN HULU-BETONG TRANSECT ...

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