SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History

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116 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 253 length, but usually greatly exceeding the length of the individual multinote call. Among the species studied, only O. crassa and L. rhododactyla give unpulsed singlenote calls, and there is none with a pulsed single-note call. Prolonged trains of similar pulsed notes occur in the calls of A. derongo, A. guttata, A. macrorhyncha, A. rivularis, and L. dentata. No unpulsed call falls into this category. The third category—notes organized into discrete groups—includes most of the species. All four Australian endemic species of Austrochaperina and A. gracilipes (shared by Australia and New Guinea) have unpulsed calls and are included here, as are the New Guinean Liophryne allisoni, L. similis, and Oxydactyla coggeri. Three New Guinean species, A. brevipes, L. schlaginhaufeni, and Sphenophryne cornuta, have pulsed calls of this sort. The call of A. palmipes, if indeed it has one, is not well enough known to be characterized (see species account). In treating the Australian species (Zweifel, 1985b: 378), I suggested that the ‘‘similarity of the five calls is consistent with a hypothesis of derivation from a common source (a monophyletic origin for the five species), but aside from the distinctive couplet uttering of Fig. 75. Superficial mandibular musculature (right side). A. Oxydactyla stenodactyla. B. Sphenophryne cornuta. C. Liophryne schlaginhaufeni. Scale bars marked in millimeters.
2000 ZWEIFEL: PARTITION OF SPHENOPHRYNE 117 Fig. 76. Audiospectrograms of calls of Sphenophryne cornuta recorded in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. A. Possible territorial calls recorded at Finalbin, July 27, 1987 (see text); 300-Hz filter, time scale of wave forms 6 that of spectrogram, air 20.3C, voucher specimen AMNH A130549, AMNH Herpetology tape reel no. 252. B. One complete advertisement call recorded by Ian Redmond at the junction of the Strickland and Rentoul rivers, Nov. 14, 1979; 300-Hz filter, no temperature, voucher specimen BMNH 1980.673, British Library of Wildlife Sounds No. 12274. S. robusta, possibly a derived condition, I see no objective way of arranging the calls on a primitive to derived axis.’’ With the New Guinean species added to the sample, one could bolster the argument for increasing complexity as a derived condition. Thus, single-note, unpulsed calls could be considered primitive compared to multinote unpulsed calls, and pulsed multinote calls would be the most derived. Although the arrangement of calls I present above is useful for descriptive purposes, it would be naive to apply it uncritically in assessing relationships. Slightly more than half of the species (10 of 18) have unpulsed calls, and these (excepting two single-note species) differ mainly in note repetition rate and dominant frequency, with the latter being probably largely a reflection of body size. Given extant knowledge, I see no way of refuting the argument that unpulsed calls are essentially primitive and, in that respect, not phylogenetically informative. With more information available it might be possible to establish a primitive-derived sequence within the unpulsed calls in the third category. The examination of species pairs makes me doubtful, however. One of the two singlenote species, L. rhododactyla, is morphologically identical to a multinote species, L. similis. How often might the change from single to multinotes (or the reverse) have evolved independently in different evolutionary lines? The pulsed calls of the morphologically similar species L. dentata (category 2) and
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SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History

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