SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History
SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History
SPHENOPHRYNE - American Museum of Natural History
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2000 ZWEIFEL: PARTITION OF <strong>SPHENOPHRYNE</strong><br />
121<br />
Fig. 80. Waveforms <strong>of</strong> call notes <strong>of</strong> four species <strong>of</strong> Austrochaperina. A. A. derongo. B. A. guttata.<br />
C. A. rivularis. D. A. macrorhyncha. Scale markings are in 0.01-sec intervals.<br />
L. schlaginhaufeni (category 3) are comparable<br />
except that in the former, note utterance<br />
continues for minutes and varies in rate,<br />
whereas the latter species calls in discrete,<br />
individual units. The other category 2 species,<br />
A. derongo, A. macrorhyncha, A. rivularis,<br />
and A. guttata, certainly have no close<br />
relationship to L. dentata, nor do the other<br />
pulsed-note species in category 3, A. brevipes<br />
and S. cornuta, to each other or to L.<br />
schlaginhaufeni.<br />
Advertisement calls <strong>of</strong> these microhylids<br />
are invaluable for distinguishing among species<br />
and may yet yield useful information on<br />
interspecific relationships, but I remain dubious<br />
about utility at higher taxonomic levels.<br />
STRUCTURE OF PULSED NOTES:<br />
FOUR SIMILAR CALLS COMPARED<br />
Four species <strong>of</strong> Austrochaperina—derongo,<br />
guttata, macrorhyncha, and rivularis—<br />
have calls <strong>of</strong> common structure: prolonged<br />
series <strong>of</strong> short, harsh, pulsed notes that are<br />
superficially similar, at least to the human<br />
ear. Table 5 summarizes pertinent characteristics<br />
<strong>of</strong> their calls (but bear in mind that this<br />
is based on only one call from each <strong>of</strong> three<br />
individuals and two <strong>of</strong> another). A. derongo<br />
is distinguished by the relative brevity <strong>of</strong> its<br />
call and by the high number <strong>of</strong> pulses per<br />
call. A. guttata has the shortest note duration<br />
and the highest note repetition rate. A. macrorhyncha<br />
has a slow repetition rate <strong>of</strong> the<br />
longest notes, whereas rivularis, with a similar<br />
repetition rate, has notes little more than<br />
half as long. Thus, the calls differ in at least<br />
two quantities each. Whether the range <strong>of</strong><br />
dominant frequencies (ca. 2100–2800 Hz) is<br />
significant is uncertain.<br />
Examination <strong>of</strong> the internal structure <strong>of</strong><br />
the notes reveals other differences in addition<br />
to number <strong>of</strong> pulses (fig. 80). Two calls <strong>of</strong><br />
what evidently was the same individual <strong>of</strong> A.