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126 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 253 found in disjunct populations at high elevations. Too little is known of the details of geographic distribution of species within New Guinea to support speculation about distribution patterns and areas of endemism. On a broader scale, however, the diversity of microhylids very likely relates to their reproductive mode that divorces them from the need to lay their eggs in water. New Guinea is an extremely mountainous island Archbold, R., and A. L. Rand 1935. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 7. Summary of the 1933–1934 Papuan Expedition. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 68(8): 527–579. Archbold, R., A. L. Rand, and L. J. Brass 1942. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 41. Summary of the 1938–1939 New Guinea Expedition. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 79(3): 197–288. Bickford, D. 1999. To catch a frog. Wild. Conserv. 102(3): 50–54. Blommers-Schlösser, R.M.A. 1993. Systematic relationships of the Mantellinae Laurent 1946 (Anura Ranoidea). Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 5: 199–218. Blum, J. P., and J. I. Menzies 1988. Notes on Xenobatrachus and Xenorhina (Amphibia: Microhylidae) from New Guinea with description of nine new species. Alytes 7(4): 125–163. Bogart, J. P., and C. E. Nelson 1976. Evolutionary implications from karyotypic analysis of frogs of the families Microhylidae and Rhinophrynidae. Herpetologica 32(2): 199–208. Boulenger, G. A. 1897. Descriptions of new lizards and frogs from Mount Victoria, Owen Stanley Range, New Guinea, collected by Mr. A. S. Anthony. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6) 19: 6–13. 1898. An account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Dr. L. Loria in British New Guinea. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (ser. 2) 18: 694–710. 1914. An annotated list of the batrachians and reptiles collected by the British Ornithologist’s Union and the Wollaston Expedition in Dutch New Guinea. REFERENCES with high rainfall. Under such conditions, upland standing water habitats are not abundant, and streams tend to be torrential, but moist terrestrial and arboreal habitats are everywhere and are utilized by microhylids from sea level to the highest mountains. A parallel situation is in the Admiralty and Solomon islands, where a diversity of platymantine ranid frogs, all with direct embryonic development, dominate the faunas. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 20(5): 247– 274. Brass, L. J. 1956. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 75. Summary of the Fourth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1953). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 111(2): 77– 152. 1959. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 79. Summary of the Fifth Expedition to New Guinea (1956–1957). Ibid. 118(1): 1–70. 1964. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 86. Summary of the Sixth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1959). Ibid. 127(4): 145–215. Brongersma, L. D., and G. F. Venema 1962. To the mountains of the stars. London: Hodder and Stroughton, xv 17–318 pp. Bulmer, R.N.H., and M. J. Tyler 1968. Karam classification of frogs. J. Polynesian Soc. 77: 333–385. Burt, C. E., and M. D. Burt 1932. Herpetological results of the Whitney South Seas Expedition. VI. Pacific islands amphibians and reptiles in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 63(5): 461–597. Burton, T. C. 1984. A new character to distinguish the Australian microhylid genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne. J. Herpetol. 18(2): 206–207. 1986. A reassessment of the Papuan subfamily Asterophryinae (Anura: Microhylidae). Rec. South Australian Mus. 19(19): 405–450. 1990. The New Guinea genus Copiula Méhely¨ (Anura: Microhylidae): a new di-
2000 ZWEIFEL: PARTITION OF SPHENOPHRYNE 127 agnostic character and a new species. Trans. R. Soc. South Australia 114(2): 87–93. Burton, T. C., and R. G. Zweifel 1995. A new genus of genyophrynine microhylid frogs from New Guinea. Am. Mus. Novitates 3129: 7 pp. Cameron, E. E., and H. G. Cogger 1992. The herpetofauna of the Weipa region, Cape York Peninsula. Tech. Rep. Australian Mus. 7: 1–200. Capocaccia, L. 1957. Catalogo dei tipi di anfibi del Museum Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 69: 208–222. Cogger, H. G. 1979. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Australian Museum. Rec. Australian Mus. 32(4): 163–210. 1992. Reptiles & amphibians of Australia. Chatswood, New South Wales: Reed Books, 775 pp. Daan, S., and D. Hillenius 1966. Catalogue of the type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. Beaufortia 13(158): 117–144. Dring, J.C.M. 1979. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trenagganu, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. Ser. 34: 181–241. Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of amphibians. New York: Mc- Graw-Hill, xvii 670 pp. Dunn, E. R. 1928. Results of the Douglas Burden Expedition to the island of Komodo. IV. Frogs from the East Indies. Am. Mus. Novitates 315: 9 pp. Forcart, L. 1946. Katalog der Typusexemplare in der Amphibiensammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums zu Basel. Ver. Naturforsch. Ges. Basel 57: 117–142. Fry, D. B. 1912. Description of Austrochaperina a new genus of Engystomatidae from north Australia. Rec. Australian Mus. 9(1): 87–106. 1915. Herpetological notes. Proc. R. Soc. Queensland 27(4): 60–95. ‘‘1916’’(1917). Description of Aphantophryne, a new batrachian genus from New Guinea; with comparative notes on the pectoral musculature. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 41(4): 770–785. Green, D. M., and M. P. Simon 1986. Digital microstructure in ecologically diverse sympatric microhylid frogs, genera Cophixalus and Sphenophryne (Amphibia: Anura), from Papua New Guinea. Australian J. Zool. 34: 135– 145. Gressitt, J. L., and N. Nadkarni 1978. Guide to Mt Kaindi: Background to montane New Guinea ecology. Wau Ecol. Inst. Handb. 5: 1–135. Hunt, G. 1993. Computerized extraction of components of intonation in language (Cecil v 2.0). Summer Institute of Linguistics: Waxhaw, North Carolina. Hyndman, David C., and James I. Menzies. 1990. Rain forests of the Ok Tedi headwaters, New Guinea: an ecological analysis. J. Biogeog. 17: 241–273. Inger, R. F., and R. B. Stuebing 1997. A field guide to the frogs of Borneo. Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: Natural History Publications, ix 205 pp. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1985. International code of zoological nomenclature. 3rd ed. London: Int. Trust Zool. Nomencl., xx 338 pp. Jones, E. I. 1933. Observations on the pectoral musculature of Amphibia Salientia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 10) 12: 403–420. Kampen, P. N. van 1906. Amphibien. In Résultats de l’expédition scientifique Néerlandaise a‘ la Nouvelle- Guinée en 1903, sous les auspices de Arthur Wichmann, chef de l’expédition. Nova Guinea 5(1): 163– 180. 1909. Die Amphibienfauna von Neu-Guinea, nach der Ausbeute der Niederlandischen Süd-Neu-Guinea-Expeditionen von 1904–1905 und 1907. Ibid. 9(1): 31– 50. 1913. Amphibien, gesammelt von der NiederländischenSüd-Neu-Guinea-Expedition von 1909–10. Ibid. 9(3): 453–465. 1914. Zur fauna von Nord-Neuguinea. Nach den Sammlungen von Dr. P. N. van Kampen und K. Gjellerup aus den Jahren 1910–1911. Amphibien. Zool. Jahrb. Abh. Syst. Geogr. Biol. Tiere 37: 365–378. 1915. Amphibien von Neu-Guinea (Südwest-
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