Tree Improvement Program Project Report 2006 / 2007

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concentration, the complete fertilizer increased stem P at Eagle Rock. Slight to moderate N deficiency in lodgepole pine is shown by needle N concentrations of 1.15-1.35. Hence the control N concentrations at Kalamalka (1.65%) and Eagle Rock (1.42%) do not indicate N deficiency. Needle P was a little lower at Eagle Rock than at Kalamalka and was increased by fertilization, but the values do not indicate a serious deficiency. Leaf S values ranged from 0.088 to 0.098%. At Kalamalka the control averaged 0.120 but dropped with fertilization to as low as 0.099. At Eagle Rock the value averaged 0.130, so neither Kalamalka or Eagle Rock showed S deficiency. However, the ratio of N:S is thought to be about 15 under optimal nutrition. While the N:S ratio at Kalamalka was about 15, it was driven down by the complete fertilizer. At Eagle Rock the N:S ratio was uniformly below the optimum (15), which suggests that there is insufficient S uptake to balance N and that remedial treatment should be considered. The present experiment was designed to compare the effect of N alone with a complete fertilizer. The N source (NH 4 NO 3 ) was the same in both fertilizers. The rate of N application was 150 kg ha 1 and will be re-applied in the second year of treatment (2007). The quantity of S in the complete fertilizer will be increased so that 50 kg S will be applied. This will be done by increasing the amounts of potassium sulphate (0-0-50) and magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 anhyd.). .2.12 The Effect of Seed Orchard Locat on on Progeny Performance: Seed Orchard After-effects (SPU 1 22) Joe Webber and Barry Jaqu sh Introduct on Over the past 10 years, research results have shown that the parental environment can affect progeny performance. In a seed orchard context, after-effects is the term used to describe the differential response of progeny derived from parent trees selected in the north (or high elevation), and propagated and cultured in the south (or low elevation). T R E E I M P R O V E M E N T P R O G R A M P R O J E C T R E P O R T 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 When compared with their northern counterparts, progeny produced from southern seed orchards showed delayed de-hardening and bud flush in the spring, delayed growth cessation during the summer, and delayed frost hardiness development in the fall (see Stoehr et al. 1998 and Webber et al. 2005 for reviews 1 ). The effect appears to act only through maternal, and not paternal, reproductive development. Seed orchard after-effects may have an important biological significance, but are they operationally significant? The Prince George plantation was established to assess the operational significance of after-effects and answer the question: does progeny derived from seed produced in Vernon meet expected performance for growth and adaptive response in Prince George? In British Columbia, interior spruce orchards are established in more southerly, drier, and warmer locations (Vernon), but progeny from these orchards can be deployed considerably further north (Prince George). Temperature differences between Vernon and Prince George may affect frost tolerance (Webber et al 2005) and growth traits (height growth; bud burst). Since photoperiod during reproductive development in Vernon is shorter (neutral) than in Prince George (long day), experience with seed after-effects in Norway spruce suggest that progeny from Kalamalka may flush later and set buds later than their northern counterparts. The two plantations at Prince George offer an extensively designed experiment to determine if photoperiod after-effects occur in progeny from two distinctly different seed production areas (Prince George and Vernon). Plantation survival and height growth were determined after the first year (2001). This report summarizes data collected in 2006 for bud burst and height growth at two Prince George plantations. Procedures The experimental design, crossing scheme, and nursery aspects of this project were completed over a period of 1996 1 Stoehr, M.U., L’Hirondelle, S.J., Binder, W.D. and Webber, J.E. 1998. Parental environment after-effects on germination, growth, and adaptive traits in selected white spruce families. Can. J. For. Res. 28:418-426. Webber, J., Ott, P., Owens, J., and Binder, W. 2005. Elevated temperature during reproductive development affects cone traits and progeny performance in Picea glauca x engelmannii complex. Tree Phys. 25:1219-1227.
to 2000. Crosses were completed at Kalamalka breeding arboretum (KAL) in 1996 and at the Prince George arboretum in 1999. Sowing was done in March 2000 at the Skimikin Nursery, and seedlings were lifted by family and pre-designated planting design in November 2000. Plantations in Prince George(PG), one at the Prince George Tree Improvement Station (PGTIS), and the other one 30 km east of PG (Wansa Creek), were established in 2001. Because we wanted to assess both male and female effects (20 each) but could not deal with a full factorial (400 crosses), we grouped the crosses into sets (five) in which four females were completely crossed with four males. All KAL crosses were completed (80 in total), but we missed two clones at PG (78). The crosses included north pollen on north females, south pollen on south females, and the two reciprocals (south on north and north on south). In setting out the field design, we used six row-tree plots and arranged the specific male x female crosses into small subblocks. We also arranged the S/S, N/N, S/N, N/S crosses for the same parents in the same place in each of four rows. Because the PG crosses were made three years after the KAL crosses (1996), we also collected OP cones from both PG and KAL in the year the crosses were made at PG (1999). Each block at Wansa creek and PGTIS are exactly the same design. Each site has five sets of identical female x male crosses completely crossed with each other (four females x four males for a total of 16 crosses/set or a total of 80 crosses per site). Each of the 16 crosses also had four parent sources (i.e., north mother x north father, south mother x south father, and the two reciprocals) for a total of 320 families per site. We planted 30 seedlings for each family as six tree-row plots in each of five blocks per site. As a result, each block had a total of 1,920 seedlings. We also planted out six OP seedlings for each of the 20 female parent trees per site (20 N/N and 20 S/S) for a total of 240 seedlings per site. Thus, there are a total of 2,160 seedlings per block and a total of 10,800 seedlings per site. In the fall of 2001, we measured both first- (2000) and second-year heights (2001). Because the winter of 00/01 was harsher than normal, especially at the more exposed PGTIS plantation, we also assessed winter damage. The PGTIS and WANSA plantations completed their seven-year growth in 2006. The stock is about one meter tall. To determine if photoperiod differences between Prince George and Vernon affect bud flush and growth, we randomly selected four specific female x male crosses per set (a total of 20 crosses per site) including the four parent sources combination for a total of 80 crosses (80 crosses T R E E I M P R O V E M E N T P R O G R A M P R O J E C T R E P O R T 2 0 0 6 / 2 0 0 7 x 6 seedlings/cross or 480 seedlings per block). Bud flush was scored categorically on each of four days. Bud flush was defined as the date when the terminal bud on any of the first-order lateral shoots burst its scales. The same 20 families and 80 crosses were surveyed in each of the five blocks (2,400 seedlings) on each of the two Prince George plantation sites (a total of 4,800 seedlings). At the end of the growing season, we recorded height growth for all the stock in both the WANSA and PGTIS plantations (about 20,000 seedlings). RESULTS F rst-year performance (2001) Height growth Stock was grown at (Skimikin) in 2000 and plantations were established in the spring of 2000. Fall height measurements were recorded for the first- and second-year heights. Figures 51 and 52 show the mean height growth (cm) for each of the four female x male sources. Note standard error bars are so small (+/-0.1 cm) that they do not show up in the figures). Damage assessment (2001) As we took height measurements, we assessed winter (00/01) damage. Table 22 shows the coding and number of seedlings for each class of damage for the combined assessment of both the PGTIS and WANSA plantations. Figure 53 (WANSA) and Figure 54 (PGTIS) summarize the same data graphically. In general, seedling damage to progeny from PG (PG x PG) was about 10 percent less than that from progeny from Vernon (KAL x KAL), with the damage scores for the reciprocals falling between the two. Seventh-year he ght and phenology Bud burst (PGTIS Plantation) Delayed bud flush is one of the physiological traits observed for progeny from southern seed orchards compared to their northern counterparts. Because a delay in bud flush could explain differences in growth and frost hardiness, bud flush (Julian Date) was scored for a sample of identical progeny from each of the four parent sources (i.e., KAL x KAL, KAL x PG, PG x KAL and PG x PG). Figures 55 and 56 show the Julian Date for bud burst of subtending lateral shoots. There was no difference in bud flush for progeny from each of the four parent sources.
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2006/2007 Forest Genetics Council o
Page 3 and 4:
T R E E I M P R O V E M E N T P R O
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Table of Contents T R E E I M P R O
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L st of F gures T R E E I M P R O V
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1.0 Expans on of Orchard Seed Suppl
Page 17 and 18: 2.0 GRIM Project Accompl shments n
Page 19 and 20: Cl mate Change ClimateBC: Our Clima
Page 21 and 22: T R E E I M P R O V E M E N T P R O
Page 23 and 24: Volume Growth at Sutton Creek (cm^3
Page 25 and 26: . True F r Forest Genet cs Charl e
Page 27 and 28: The provincial status report on int
Page 29 and 30: .10 Inter or Spruce Tree Breed ng P
Page 31 and 32: .12 Lodgepole, Wh te and Ponderosa
Page 33 and 34: .0 Operat onal Tree Improvement - t
Page 35 and 36: Low-elevat on Western Hemlock Crop
Page 37 and 38: .1.2 Sechelt Seed Orchard Patt Brow
Page 39 and 40: .1. Bowser Seed Orchard Dav d Re d
Page 41 and 42: .1.6 Vernon Seed Orchard Company (V
Page 43 and 44: .1.7 Grandv ew Seed Orchards (PRT A
Page 45 and 46: .1. Eagle Rock Seed Orchards (Tolko
Page 47 and 48: yielded a total of 69 litres of pol
Page 49 and 50: Pest management n h gh-elevat on we
Page 51 and 52: slide monitor 4. Figure 31 shows th
Page 53 and 54: T R E E I M P R O V E M E N T P R O
Page 55 and 56: Three major branches on each sample
Page 57 and 58: TSPC FSPC TSPC FSPC 40 30 20 10 0 3
Page 59 and 60: .2.7 Increas ng Qual ty, Genet c Ga
Page 61 and 62: .2.9 Crown Prun ng Techn que for No
Page 63 and 64: Filled Seed per Cone Filled Seed pe
Page 65 and 66: 2005 and 2006, the corresponding va
Page 67: esponse to NH 4 NO 3 acts through n
Page 71 and 72: Percent Julian Date Julian Date Hei
Page 73 and 74: .2.1 Conduct ng a Ser es of So l Te
Page 75 and 76: Cone Number Filled Seed Number TSPC
Page 77 and 78: effect) compared to the north Okana
Page 79 and 80: Dehydration: Long-shoot bud samples
Page 81 and 82: pollen receptivity (Table 26). It w
Page 83 and 84: it must be noted that the genotypes
Page 85 and 86: .2.17 Development of Yellow-Cedar S
Page 87 and 88: ut there was a substantial decrease
Page 89 and 90: 7.0 Seed Orchard Pest Management Ro
Page 91 and 92: Append x 2 Tree Spec es T R E E I M
Page 93 and 94: Append x Author Contact L st T R E
Page 95 and 96: INSIDE COVER
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Tree Improvement Program Project Report 2006 / 2007

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