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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 21 Table 3. Vectors transporting nonindigenous marine and estuarine species to the Hawaiian Islands Abbreviation Used in Table 1 AN BW O R SB SBA SF Vector Ship anchor and anchor chains Ballast water Other, including carriage with commercial products, in airplane cabins, resting or egg stages with luggage and clothing, etc. Releases, intentional or accidental, by private individuals or government agencies, and species associated with such releases Ship boring (organisms boring into wooden ships, or living in such burrows) Solid ballast, including rock and sand ballast Ship fouling (organisms living on hulls, in sea chests, or other fouled areas) SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF INTRODUCED AND CRYPTOGENIC SPECIES VIRUSES, BACTERIA, and FUNGI Carr (1996) reviewed the introduced and indigenous viruses, bacteria, and fungi associated with introduced penaeid shrimp in mariculture in the Hawaiian Islands. Several of the viruses (but none of the bacteria or fungi), including IHHNV (infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus), MBV (Penaeus monodon-type baculovirus), and RPS (rhabdovirus of American penaeids) were imported to the Islands with live penaeid shrimp. Whether they are established in the wild is not known; we thus do not count these viruses in our tabulations of introduced species. Zhu et al. (2008) investigated the very diverse microbial consortia associated with the introduced sponge Suberites aurantiacus in Pearl Harbor but demured from suggesting which if any of the species may not be native. FUNGI Introduced Marine Fungi Species Date Vector Native to Cytospora rhizophorae 1902 R Western Atlantic Etheirophora blepharospora 1902 R Western Atlantic Cytospora rhizophorae Kohlmeyer Introduced & Kohlmeyer, 1971 Kohlmeyer (1969, as Cytospora sp.) reported this Western Atlantic marine mangrove fungus from Pearl Harbor from Rhizophora mangle, based upon 1968 collections. In describing this as a new species, Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1971) noted further material from Coconut Island, also collected in 1968. The Kohlmeyers suggested that this host-specific fungus was introduced in 1902 with Rhizophora from Florida. Cytospora rhizophorae has been implicated in widespread dieback and mortality of Rhizophora mangle in Puerto Rico (Wier et al., 2006).
22 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) Etheirophora blepharospora Kohlmeyer Introduced & Kohlmeyer, 1965 = Keissleriella blepharospora Kohlmeyer (1969) reported this host-specific fungus from the bark of seedlings and from proproots of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle based upon collections made in 1968 on Coconut Island and Anahulu River near Hale‘iwa, O‘ahu. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer (1993) further discuss the manglicolous fungi of Hawai‘i. PROTOCTISTA Introduced and Cryptogenic Protozoa Species Date Vector Native to Introduced Species Eufolliculina lignicola 1961 SB Unknown Mirofolliculina limnoriae 1961 SB Indo-Pacific Cephaloidophora communis 1949 SF Unknown Perkinsus marinus 1972 R Western Atlantic Cryptogenic Species Zoothamnium sp./spp. 1935 SF, BW, R Halofolliculina annulata — SF, R Parafolliculina violaceae — SF, R Metafolliculina nordgardi — SF, R Metafolliculina andrewsi — SF, R Lagotia viridis — SF, R Ascobius simplex — SF, R We discuss here examples of introduced and cryptogenic protists. A thorough exploration of the Hawaiian marine and estuarine protists will reveal many additional introduced and cryptogenic species. We focus here on ciliates, which we treat here in three ecological groups: fouling sessile taxa, ectocommensal taxa, and endocommensal taxa. The absence of any foraminiferans (“forams”) from this list reflects a lack of biogeographic and systematic resolution, rather than the actual absence of nonnative forams in the Hawaiian near-shore and harbor environments. This is no more clearly illustrated by the resolution that 32 species of nonnative forams have been recognized recently in the eastern Mediterranean fauna (Meriç et al., 2007). Forams are often common in fouling communities and on oysters and are easily transported by human activities. The lagoonal taxa noted by Resig (1974) from O‘ahu that are not in the Hawaiian fossil record would be candidates for further investigation as potential human-mediated invasions, particularly species such as Trochammina inflata, noted by Resig as having a “broad latitudinal distribution in bays, lagoons, and marshes of both hemispheres,” as well as Haplophragmoides wilberti, H. manilaensis, and Lamellodiscorbis aguayoi, three taxa originally described from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. DINOFLAGELLATA Stat & Gates (2008) report the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium A1 (Symbiodinium microadriaticum, Freudenthal sensu stricto) in the native coral Acropora cytherea from the French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands based upon collections made in May 2006. They suggested that Symbiodinium “has been vectored into Hawai‘i via Cassiopea sp. from the Red Sea and/or Atlantic Caribbean and has spread in its distribution and formed a symbiotic association with A. cytherea.“ LaJeunesse et al. (2009) argued that rather than being introduced, the association was more likely to be a natural one.
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