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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 45 have escaped his notice. It first came to general attention in the islands when Chu & Cutress (1954) reported it (as Aurelia labiata) to be “common the year round in bays and salt-water canals”, relative to reports of human dermatitis (“swimmer’s itch”) in Hawai‘i. Based upon Chu & Cutress’s report, presented at the 1953–1954 annual meeting of the Hawaiian Academy of Sciences, we interpret the first record to be in 1953. Devaney & Eldredge (1977), reporting it as “possibly A. labiata,” note that “it is seen, sometimes frequently, in harbors or inshore areas.” Wrobel & Mills (1998) note it as A. labiata from Honolulu, and Gershwin (2001, p. 115) also provisionally assigned Hawaiian Aurelia to this species. Dawson et al. (2005), based upon genetic comparisons of world-wide Aurelia populations, assign Hawaiian populations to a probably unnamed Aurelia (“Aurelia species 4”) from the Indo-Pacific and specifically endemic to the region around eastern Borneo and Palau. W. Cooke (pers. comm., July 1996) alerted us to this introduction, noting that given the biology and life history of both the adult and juvenile stages it could not survive transoceanic transport to the Islands naturally. We regard it as introduced, either as ship-fouling scyphistomae or as ephyrae in ballast water. Bishop Museum material includes 1963–1964 collections from Pearl Harbor, Kāne‘ohe Bay, and Kewalo Basin, all on O‘ahu. Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen (as Aurelia aurita) from Ala Wai Boat Harbor, Honolulu, a location also noted by Coles et al. (1999b). Cassiopeidae Cassiopea andromeda (Forsskål, 1775) Introduced Pacific basin Cassiopea have been reported from Hawai‘i under two separate names, Cassiopea medusa Light, 1914 and Cassiopea mertensii Brandt, 1835, both of which are synonyms of C. andromeda (reviewed in Holland et al., 2004). Cooke (1984) noted that these Cassiopea, with “their pseudobenthic habits are the most improbable adult immigrants.” As C. medusa, Chu & Cutress (1954) noted that it was “common the year round in bays and salt-water canals.” Cutress (1961) considered it to be introduced from the Philippines by ships as hull-fouling scyphistomae to Pearl Harbor between 1941–1945. Carlton (1985) suggested that an alternative mechanism of introduction was as ephyrae in ballast water. It was restricted to Pearl Harbor until about 1950 when it appeared in Honolulu Harbor and Ala Wai Canal (Cutress, 1961). As Cassiopea mertensii Brandt, 1835, Uchida (1970) reported it from “the sandy bottom at a depth of 2 feet from Kaneche [Kāne‘ohe] Bay,” O‘ahu. This material was collected in February 1964 (Bishop Museum collections). Cassiopea were seen in the early 1990s in fishponds on Moloka‘i and in fishponds in Waikoloa area of the island of Hawai‘i (G. Crow, pers. comm., 2000). Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen (as C. medusa) from the lagoon at Magic Island, O‘ahu. DeFelice et al. (2001) note that it now occurs “throughout main Hawaiian Islands.” Holland et al. (2004) confirm the identity of C. andromeda based upon molecular evidence from the Hawaiian Islands. Cassiopea andromeda is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific; distant records are the Red Sea (from where it was described in the 18th century) and the western Atlantic Ocean (Florida Keys and Bermuda), to both of which regions it may be introduced. Cassiopea sp. Introduced Holland et al. (2004) report that a second genetically distinct species of introduced Cassiopea (“Cassiopea species 3”) also occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. This species of Cassiopea also occurs in the Papua New Guinea region. Hawaiian material was collected on windward O‘ahu from Kahuku fish pond, the Wedding Chapel, Mid Pacific Golf Course pond, and Kualoa Ranch. The date of collection of this material was 2000 (B.S. Holland, pers. comm., January 2007). Magistiidae Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 Introduced = Cotylorhizoides pacificus of Cutress in Doty, 1961 (see Devaney & Eldredge, 1977, p. 114, and Cooke, 1984, p. 587) Under the name Cotylorhizoides pacificus, Cutress (1961) suggested that this Indo-Pacific jellyfish was introduced from the Philippine Islands, as ship-fouling scyphistomae, into Pearl Harbor between
46 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) 1941–1945. It was, however, present in Pearl Harbor by 1933, as described and photographed by Edmondson (1933; see Devaney & Eldredge, 1977, who noted that the undetermined rhizostomid of Edmondson “certainly appears to be P. punctata”; Edmondson’s species was also noted as being P. punctata by W.J. Cooke in an unpublished bibliography of Hawaiian coelenterates compiled in 1980 and on file in the Bishop Museum’s Department of Invertebrate Zoology reprint library. Edmondson (1933) wrote a detailed description of the jellyfish along with a photograph, and noted that “At certain times of the year, usually during the winter months, a large undetermined species of jellyfish is abundant in Pearl Harbor, Oahu ... large specimens exceed 12 inches in diameter.” It may have been restricted to Pearl Harbor until about 1950; in 1953–1954 it appeared in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Cutress, 1961). Carlton (1985) suggests that an alternative mode of introduction would be as ephyrae in ballast water. Cooke (1984) feels that the taxonomy of the Hawaiian population was unresolved, and that it should be referred to as a “mastigid,” but that “any attempt at more precise identifications... would be unwise.” We provisionally retain the name used in Devaney & Eldredge (1977). Clarke & Abey (1998) note that in Kāne‘ohe Bay on “several occasions during 1968–1970 .... approximately 20 [to] 40 cm [in diameter] medusae were visible roughly every 10 m across open areas of the bay, usually with a cluster of small yellowtail scad [Atule mate] associated with each one. The rather sudden disappearance of P. punctata from Kāne‘ohe Bay in the early 1970s thus could have a major effect.” It was recorded again in Pearl Harbor in 1971–1973 (Evans et al., 1974, as P. punctata). De - vaney & Eldredge (1977, as P. punctata) noted that it “occurs, sometimes commonly, in Pearl Harbor, Honolulu Harbor, and Kaneohe Bay.” They further note that the undetermined rhizostomid of Edmondson (1933, 1946a) abundant in Pearl Harbor during the winter “certainly appears to be P. punctata.” Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen from the Waikīkī Aquarium, noting that “these impressive jellyfishes can be common in Honolulu Harbor, Pearl Harbor and Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, mainly during the winter months.” DeFelice et al. (2001) listed Pearl and Honolulu Harbors, Ala Wai Canal and Yacht Harbor, and Kāne‘ohe Bay as the known O‘ahu localities. Graham et al. (2003) have reviewed the global invasion history of P. punctata, and taxonomic challenges associated with this jellyfish. It has also been introduced to California, the Mediterranean Sea, the southwest Atlantic Ocean, and the southern Caribbean Sea, and, since 2000, the Gulf of Mexico. Dense populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico in the summer of 2000 impacted shrimp fisheries. Anomalorhiza shawi Light, 1921 Introduced Cooke (1984) noted that this species, otherwise known from the Philippine Islands, was collected in 1983 and 1984 in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu. He suggested it was introduced as scyphistomae in ships’ fouling communities. Carlton (1985) suggested it may also have been introduced as planktonic ephyrae in ships’ ballast water. In February 2001 another specimen was collected in Kāne‘ohe Bay, approximately 60 cm in diameter; a photograph appeared in The Honolulu Advertiser for February 16, 2001. This jellyfish remains unknown from any other locations in the Islands and is considered “extremely rare” (T. Theeger, pers. comm., February 1998). Class Cubozoa (cubomedusae) Carybdeidae Carybdea sivickisi Stiasny, 1926 Introduced This small (14 mm) but distinctive cubomedusa (box jellyfish) was first collected in 1996 at Waikīkī in O‘ahu (Matsumoto et al., 2002). We suggest that it would not have been overlooked by Edmondson, who collected and noted gelatinous zooplankton between the 1920s and 1950s. Described from the Philippines, it has since been found in Thailand, Japan, New Zealand (Matsumoto et al., 2002), Vietnam (Hartwick, 1991), Australia (Hartwick, 1991), and Guam (Gershwin, 2003). On O‘ahu it is found, curiously enough, in a saltwater swimming pool known as the Natatorium (opened in 1927), fed by ocean water. It has also been found outside of Yokohama
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