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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 47 Bay on the west coast of O‘ahu (1998). Crow et al. (2006) report it from Mā‘alaea Boat Harbor, Maui, based upon night-lighting collections in 2005 and 2006. Carybdea sivickisi, which can cause a painful sting, is benthic during the day and in the water column at night (Hartwick, 1991). We suggest ballast water transport, perhaps facilitated by the uptake of medusae during the periodic presence of breeding swarms (http: //www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/ cnidaria/C_sivickisi.html). CTENOPHORA (comb jellyfish) Introduced Ctenophora Species Date Vector Native to Vallicula multiformis 1992 BW Caribbean Coeloplanidae Vallicula multiformis Rankin, 1956 Introduced The report of Eldredge & Miller (1995) of a nonindigenous ctenophore in Hawaiian waters is based upon the collection in 1994 of this species in Hawai‘i by Charles Galt. He found this benthic, creeping platyctene comb jelly in Kāne‘ohe Bay, associated with the algae Acanthophora, Bryopsis, Kappaphycus, and Caulerpa (C. Galt, in litt., August 1994). In the summer of 1994, they reached densities of over 3,000 per square meter. It was present on the dock algae at Coconut Island at least by 1992 (C. Fiedler, pers. comm. to C. Galt; C. Galt, in litt., August 1996). Vallicula occurs both in shallow fouling communities and is known to be transported with algae in the aquarium trade. It also appeared in San Diego, California in 1997 (G. Matsumoto, pers. comm., 1997). Vallicula multiformis was originally described from the Caribbean, in Jamaica. NEMATODA (roundworms) Introduced and Cryptogenic Nematoda Species Date Vector Native to Introduced Species Camallanus cotti 1993 R Asia Cryptogenic Species Spirocamallanus istiblenni 1962 R? Order Secernentea Camallanidae Camallanus cotti Fujita 1927 Introduced This Asian nematode—a “pernicious helminth” (Font,1997a)—occurs in the introduced euryhaline mosquitofish Gambusia affinis and the introduced freshwater poecilid (swordtail) Xiphophorus helleri in Hawai‘i (Font, 1997a, 1997b; Font & Tate, 1994). Records include it occurring in X. helleri in June 1993 in Hakalau Stream, Hawai‘i. Englund et al. (2000a) reported it from additional fish hosts in Pearl Harbor, including brackish water sites. Spirocamallanus istiblenni Nobel, 1966 Cryptogenic Nobel (1966) described this nematode as a new species from the native zebra blenny (pao‘o), Istiblennius zebra, collected on O‘ahu in 1962 and 1963. It also occurs in the native sleeper Eleotris
48 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) sandwicensis (Font,1997a). While S. istiblenni was assumed to be native, Rigby & Font (1997) subsequently found it in Moorea and Fiji in marine fishes, including the bluestripe snapper (ta‘ape) Lutjanus kasmira. Because ta‘ape were introduced to Hawai‘i, “it is problematic whether (this nematode) should be regarded as a native or exotic species” in the Hawaiian islands (Font, 1997a). Font (1997b) treated it as “native.” Font & Rigby (2000) subsequently found this nematode in Lutjanus kasmira from Hilo Bay and conclude that it is cryptogenic. They suggest that examination of museum specimens of native freshwater fish from Hawai‘i collected prior to the introduction of ta‘ape in 1958 may be able to resolve whether this parasite is native or not. ROTIFERA (rotifers) Cryptogenic rotifers in brackish water of Maui (data from Jersabek, 2003; designation as cryptogenic herein) Species Location* Notes Brachionus plicatilis (Müller, 1786) CP, KeP, KaP A probable species complex Colurella adriatica Ehrenberg, 1831 CP KaP Hexarthra oxyuris (Sernov, 1903) KeP Previously recorded from an O‘ahu brackish pool by Hauer, 1941, as Pedalia fennica (Levander, 1892) (Jersabek, 2003). Lecane hastata (Murray, 1913) CP Proalides sp., cf. P. wulferti Sudzuki 1959 CP, KaP A Palaearctic (Europe, North Africa, and Asia north of the tropics) species. * CP, Coot Pond; KeP, Kealia Pond; KaP, Kanahā Pond Turner (1996) and Jersabek (2003) present lists of the rotifers of the Hawaiian Islands. Many of these are “cosmopolitan” taxa and bear European names. It seems probable that a number of these are introduced, but data remain too limited to make such determinations. We offer a table here of five brackish-water species (from Jersabek’s work) that may be considered cryptogenic. All are considered “cosmopolitan” with the exception of Proalides wulferti, which was “previously known from the Palaearctic region only but may have been confused with P. tentaculatus de Beauchamp” (Jersabek, 2003). All but Hexarthra oxyuris were new records for the islands, based upon 2001 collections, but all of these species were doubtless present much earlier. As Jersabek notes, possible transport vectors include intentional releases of nonnative fish, clams, or ornamental plants, as well as the movement of resting stages with tourist luggage and clothing. To these vectors we add the usual shipping vectors for marine and brackish water species. PLATYHELMINTHES (flat worms) Introduced and Cryptogenic Platyhelminthes Species Date Vector Native to Introduced Species “Turbellaria” Taenioplana teredini 1938 SB Unknown Trematoda Ascocotyle tenuicollis 1993 R North America Monogenea Salsuginus seculus
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