bishop museum bulletins in cultural and environmental studies

More documents

Recommendations

Info

INTRODUCTION We present here the first comprehensive monograph of the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine organisms of the Hawaiian Archipelago, from the island of Hawai‘i to Kure and Midway Atolls, between the latitudes of 19° N and 29° N. Covered here are protoctists, fungi, invertebrates, fish, algae, and flowering plants, inhabiting coastal environments influenced by the sea. The habitats we cover are thus the supralittoral zone (supporting “strand” or “maritime” species), the intertidal zone, and the sublittoral (subtidal), including non-native parasites, commensals, or other symbionts. We treat 490 species, of which 301 are introduced and 117 are cryptogenic (Table 1). These and other categories are defined below. The rest of the species (Table 2) are either of unknown establishment, species that escaped or were intentionally released but did not establish, species that were unintentionally introduced but failed to establish, intercepted species, species that represent doubtful or erroneous records, native species previously treated as introduced, waifs, or species that are of uncertain presence in marine waters. Brock (1952, 1960) reviewed introduced marine and freshwater species, covering 61 taxa in the latter paper. Eldredge (1994) reviewed the history of introductions of commercially significant species to the Pacific Islands, including Hawai‘i. The marine and estuarine biota of the Hawaiian Islands are derived from a combination of nonhuman mediated and human-mediated dispersal processes. “Natural” processes include ocean currents transporting larval, juvenile, or adult stages (as plankton or by rafting), and migratory birds on long-established flyways (Zimmerman, 1948a; Newman, 1986; Jokiel, 1990; Mueller-Dombois & Fosberg, 1998). Human-mediated processes involve a long list of vectors (sensu Carlton & Ruiz, 2005), the major ones of which for the Archipelago include ships and intentional importations (and the hitchhikers associated with such transplantations) (Table 3). Drifting organisms began colonizing the aboriginal islands soon after they were formed; this process has been on-going for tens of millions of years, leading to the evolution of many endemic marine, freshwater, and terrestrial organisms in the Archipelago. As the most isolated islands in the world, however, a great many species failed to naturally colonize, and thus assisted passage was required to bridge vast expanses of ocean. We presume that Polynesian (Kirch, 2002) vessels of the 11th century (if not earlier human colonization waves) brought the first hull-fouling (if not bilge and solid ballast) organisms to Hawai‘i. We have not systematically attempted here to sift through the paleontological, archeological, or historical sedimentological record to identify Polynesian-mediated introductions of marine organisms. If and when such species are identified, we would still regard them as introduced species, as part of the human-influenced construction of the biota, as do our terrestrial colleagues who discern the translocation of distant plants by aboriginal settlers to the Hawaiian flora. Speculation about the role of Polynesians in introducing marine or brackish species has not been extensive; we note, however, that the freshwater and brackish water snails Tarebia granifera and Melanoides tuberculata, transportable in taro roots, are two of a number of candidate species (Cowie, 1998). Captain James Cook’s arrival in 1778 marked the beginning of the modern era of vessel-mediated invasions in Hawai‘i (Beechert, 1991). By the early 1800s, global vessel traffic visiting the Islands had become common. Between 1820 and 1840 alone, more than 1,500 visits to the Port of Honolulu were made by whaleships (hailing from all over the world) and more than 400 visits were made by Trans-Pacific traders from around the Pacific Rim (Richards, 2000). Rapid interisland exchange was facilitated by over 1,100 interisland transits in the same period (Richards, 2000). By the 1900s many tens of thousands of vessel visits (for example, Worden, 1980; Beechert, 1991) with 7
8 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) thousands of species on and in their hulls, and in their solid and water ballast, from the world over, had come to the port and harbor systems of the islands that had evolved from the original coastal rivers and estuaries. In a separate work (Carlton & Eldredge, in prep.) we analyze the temporal history of accidental and intentional introductions, the proportional role of vectors, biogeographic tracks, the systematic and taxonomy history, and the ecological and societal impacts of the introduced fauna and flora. Most species have arrived through international shipping (as fouling and in ballast), and most species hail from the Indo-West Pacific, Eastern Pacific, or North Atlantic. The absence of historical surveys in the Islands prevents the timely detection of virtually all early invasions: many species first collected in the first half of the 20th century were almost certainly introduced in the 1700s and 1800s. Thus by 1900, only nine ship-dispersed species had been collected in Hawai‘i, representing fouling, boring, and solid ballast introductions (Carlton & Eldredge, in prep.), a number that soberingly reflects the nearly complete lack of knowledge of what was living in Pearl Harbor, Honolulu Harbor, Kāne‘ohe Bay, or other archipelago estuaries, only a century ago. Thus the history of marine invasions in Hawai‘i, perhaps more so than any other region in the world, is intimately tied to the history of interested and dedicated biologists, and their visits or residency in the Islands. Premier among these (Carlton & Eldredge, in prep.) was Charles Howard Ed - mond son, to whom we owe the early 20th century documentation of many presumably 19th century invaders (Eldredge, 2007). METHODS We became interested in the marine bioinvasions of the Hawaiian Islands in the 1970s, and after accumulating numerous incidental records, began a systematic study in the 1990s. We studied most of the published systematic and biogeographic literature on marine and brackish-water invertebrates, algae, flowering plants, and fish of the Hawaiian Islands, corresponded with many colleagues (see Acknowledgments), and examined museum collections (referenced at individual species), particularly the Bishop Museum (Honolulu) and the National Museum of Natural History (Washington, D.C.). Along with numerous colleagues over the years, we conducted field work in Pearl Harbor and Kāne‘ohe Bay (species and pertinent dates of collection are noted throughout the text). Commencing in 1996, Lu Eldredge, Steven Coles, Scott Godwin, Ralph DeFelice, and their associates (Bishop Museum), began a series of port, harbor, estuary, and reef studies through the entire Archipelago, revealing a plethora of invasions that had arrived over prior decades. We assigned all species (Tables 1 and 2) with which we were concerned to one of the categories listed below. We assessed historical, systematic, biogeographic, and other criteria (see Chapman & Carlton, 1991, 1994) relative to the potential history of a given species, as detailed in many of the individual treatments. Many species that had never been previously considered relative to their biogeographic status in the Hawaiian Islands are newly treated in this monograph as introductions or cryptogens. In addition to the categories listed below, we relegated 19 species (Table 2) to doubtful or erroneous records, natural waifs, or uncertain presence in marine waters. These are shown in the “Other” category on Table 2, which also include several species that we concluded were native, although previously suggested as introduced. INTRODUCED: Species that have been transported by human agency, whether intentionally or accidentally, and are established in the wild. The following terms are in cluded here: nonindigenous, invasive, adventive, acclimatized, exotic, nonnative, immigrant, alien, foreign, naturalized, transplant, transfer, and import. Subcategories: Establishment Unknown: continued presence and reproduction are unknown, and for which subsequent species-specific searches may not have been undertaken. Examples include the snails Amphithalamus inclusus, Boonea cincta, Ividella navisa, and Peristichia pedroana. Failed: known to have reproduced or grown in the wild but then subsequently died out. Examples include the soft coral Dendronephthya sp., the snail Bulla adamsi, and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Page 1 and 2: BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETINS IN CULTURAL
Page 4 and 5: Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i Th
Page 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....
Page 11 and 12: 10 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTUR
Page 57 and 58:
56 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTUR
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
100 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTU
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203:
show all

bishop museum bulletins in cultural and environmental studies

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?