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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 41 Rhizangiidae Culicia rachelfitzhardingeae Cairns, 2006 Introduced = Culicia sp., cf. C. tenella of Fitzhardinge (1985, 1993) not of Dana, 1846 This small (4 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height) ahermatypic coral was first recorded in 1983 by Fitzhardinge (1985, 1993) from Kāne‘ohe Bay, where it exists both as solitary polyps and as “pseudocolonies” of asexually budded clones. Fitzhardinge recorded it on the underside of coral rubble and beneath coral colonies; Culicia also settled on experimental concrete blocks. Fitzhardinge & Bailey-Brock (1989) reported it settling on artificial reef materials in Kāne‘ohe Bay and noted that this coral recruited in all seasons. In 2002–2003 Pakki Reath collected additional specimens in fouling communities on Kaua‘i (the main pier at Nawiliwili Harbor, 2002, and at the main docks at Port Allen, 2002) and on Moloka‘i (Kaunakakai Dock, 2003); it was also collected at Maui and Hawai‘i in 2002–2003 (Coles et al., 2004; Cairns, 2006). It may have been overlooked in Pearl Harbor fouling surveys in 1996 because of its small size and cryptic nature (S.L. Coles, pers. comm., January 2004). This fouling coral was described as a new species from Hawai‘i in 2006; it is known not from elsewhere. The last shallow-water endemic Hawaiian coral was described in 1907 (S. Cairns, pers. comm., November 2005). Although this is a small species, it is not likely to have been overlooked prior to the 1980s, as many of the same habitats and locations were well-collected and well-explored prior to this time. It is restricted to docks and harbors or to very shallow water in locations known to be highly invaded, such as Kāne‘ohe Bay. Species of Culicia are widespread through the Indo-Pacific (Maragos, 1974; Maragos & Jokiel, 1978; Veron, 1986; Cairns et al., 1999; Randall, 2003). We believe this coral was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in ship hull fouling. Acroporidae Montipora turgescens Bernard, 1897 Native Coles (1998) discovered this widespread Indo-Pacific coral in the Hawaiian archipelago in 1997 at the “Reef Hotel” in eastern Midway Atoll lagoon. Originally described from the Great Barrier Reef, it occurs from the Red Sea to the southern islands of Japan, and throughout the Indo-Pacific to the islands of French Polynesia and the Caroline and Phoenix Islands. Nonetheless, the closest populations to Midway are over 3500 km to the west and southwest in southern Japan (Coles, 1998). Coles thus noted that the “most likely origin by natural colonization is Japan, with planulae having been transported eastward on the North Pacific current”, but further commented that “as an alternative to natural transport by currents, M. turgescens may have been transported to Midway in the last century as hull fouling or in ballast water of ships utilizing the Midway harbor.” Maragos et al. (2004) found this coral more widely distributed in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, increasing in occurrence along the northwest half of the chain, and noted that the Hawaiian form of this species has not been observed outside Hawai‘i and does not conform to published photographs, suggesting that a cryptic endemic species may be involved. Subclass Octocorallia Order Alcyonacea (soft corals) Nephtheidae Dendronephthya sp. Failed Gulko (1998) reproduced a photograph (derived from a video tape) of a colony of “Dendronephthya sp.”, a genus of soft coral previously unknown in the Hawaiian Islands, that was taken “a couple of years ago” in approximately 70 m of water [“a couple hundred feet’], “growing on the side of a sewage outfall off of O‘ahu.” Gulko further remarked that, “This probably represents an accidental introduction.” This appears to be the same colony tracked by Richard Brock “over an approximately 7 year period” (while he watched it grow in size) in the 1980s, but searches in the 1990s failed to find it, perhaps because of the impacts to the area where it occurred by Hurricane Iniki in September 1992 (R. Brock, pers. comm. March 2005 to S. Kahng). The colonies were located near Honolulu Harbor and may have been a ship-mediated introduction.
42 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) Xeniidae Sarcothelia sp. Cryptogenic Coles et al. (2002a) report this xeniid soft coral from Kāne‘ohe Bay (2000) as a first record from Hawai‘i and as a cryptogenic species. It is not the same as Sarcothelia edmondsoni (Verrill, 1928), a species known only from the Hawaiian Islands. Clavulariidae Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) Introduced = Telesto riisei This “orange soft coral” (Henderson, 1990) or “snowflake coral” (Gulko, 1998; Hoover, 1998, 2006) was long thought to be native to the western Atlantic Ocean, from Florida to Brazil, but has now been shown to be native to the Indo-West Pacific (Kahng, 2005; S. Kahng, pers. comm., November 2005). It was first described from the Caribbean, presumably introduced there in the 19th century by shipping from the Pacific Ocean. Carijoa riisei was first found in the Hawaiian Islands in 1972 by William J. Thomas in the fouling community in Pearl Harbor (Evans et al., 1974; Thomas, 1978, 1979). Devaney (1977) noted that it was also in Honolulu Harbor and “several other areas along the leeward Oahu coast.” Henderson (1990) reported it on the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor (1986 collections); Brock (1995) again reported it from Pearl Harbor (1993); Coles et al. (1999a) record its continued presence there (1996 collections). It also occurs in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a). Coles & Eldredge (2002) review its apparent spread from harbors to outer coast areas. Additional records include Honolulu Harbor, Hawai‘i Kai Marina, Port Allen Harbor, Kaua‘i, Kaunakakai Harbor, Moloka‘i, Kahului and Mā‘alaea Harbors and Mala Wharf, Maui, and Hilo Harbor (Coles et al., 1999b, 2002b, 2004, and 2006). Bishop Museum collections include material collected on July 27, 1972 by Mike Lee, in about 7 m of water (“20 feet”) in Pearl Harbor. Colonies can also be found in high energy subtidal sites around O‘ahu (C. Zabin, pers. comm., February 2000). Russo (1994) stated that it occurs to 50 m in the Hawaiian Islands; Grigg (2003) recorded it to 120 m in Hawai‘i. DeFelice et al. (2001) note that it is now throughout the main Hawaiian Islands. Eldredge & Englund (2001) list Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i. Kahng & Grigg (2005) note that it “is commonly observed on hard substrata in shaded habitat with moderate current flow. In the clear oceanic water surrounding Hawai‘i, C. riisei is restricted to shaded habitat at depths shallower than 40 m”, and was “not observed ... deeper than 115m.” Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates specimens from Mākua, O‘ahu, in 6 m of water, noting that it “forms dense colonies in cavities along vertical walls or on the ceilings of caves and overhangs where current is strong, or under docks in harbors were plankton is plentiful. It is abundant on wrecks. It now occurs in all the main Hawaiian Islands and at Midway.” Color photographs of this species are also in Gulko (1998) and Fenner (2005). Grigg (2003) reported that in 2001 C. riisei was very abundant at depths of 75 to 100 m on the “Maui Black Coral Bed”, where up to 90% of the black coral colonies of Antipathes dichotoma and A. grandis were dead, having been overgrown by C. riisei. Grigg (2004) further discussed the impact of Carijoa on the harvest of the black coral Antipathes. Kahng & Grigg (2005) noted the extensive smothering of black coral at depths between 80 and 105 m, and found more than 60% of all black coral colonies “were at least partially overgrown.” Concepcion et al. (2008) report a possible second species of Carijoa in the Hawaiian Islands. The taxon in question is a transparent species, and a combination of ecological, morphological, and genetic data suggest that it may be a distinct species: these include the absence of green flourescent pigments, always present in C. riisei, and the presence of a “unique concatenated mtDNA haploytpe and a unique nDNA SRP54 allele.”
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