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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 27 have been taken to Panama from Hawaii”; de Laubenfels further states that of these two Panamanian species, “at least one of them is abundant on those that are dry-docked at Pearl Harbor.” In his following text, the two Panamanian species referred to are Mycale cecilia and Terpios zeteki [Suberites aurantiacus]. Grovhoug & Rastetter (1980) recorded it from Pearl Harbor and Kāne‘ohe Bay (1976–1977). Coles et al. (1999a) report it from Pearl Harbor (1996 collections) and note that it (along with Mycale celia) was “so abundant at the power station outfall in East Loch that they form a virtual sponge reef.” It was collected, interestingly enough, in 1902 during the Albatross surveys in Pearl Harbor (R.C. DeFelice, pers. comm., 1999, based on examination of Smithsonian Institution collections). Suberites aurantiacus, first described from the Virgin Islands, occurs in both the Atlantic and Pacific. We regard it as introduced to the Hawaiian Islands. Zhu et al. (2008, as S. zeteki) report upon the microbial flora of Suberites aurantiacus at the Rainbow Marina, Pearl Harbor. Order Halichondrida Halichondriidae Halichondria (Halichondria) melanodocia de Laubenfels, 1936 Introduced Bergquist (1967) recorded this black western Atlantic tropical species on the floating pier at Coconut Island, based on material collected in the 1960s. It was previously known from the Caribbean (West Indies), Florida, and North Carolina (Hechtel, 1965). Bergquist considered it introduced. Coles et al. (1999a) report it from Pearl Harbor based on collections both in 1993 and 1996; it also occurs in Ala Wai Harbor (Coles et al., 1999b) and Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a). Hechtel (1965) noted its habitat in Jamaica as “abundant on pilings and mangrove roots.” We consider float-fouling Hali - chondria in Hawai‘i, because of their habitat and their absence in the open marine biota, to be introduced. Halichondria coerulea Bergquist, 1967 Introduced Bergquist (1967) described this Halichondria, “a massive, spreading sponge ... found only on fouling surfaces” as a new species from the floating dock and stone pier at Coconut Is., Kāne‘ohe Bay (1960s collections). It has not been reported elsewhere (M. Kelly-Borges Shanks, pers. comm., 1996). It was not found in recent surveys of Pearl or Honolulu Harbors (R.C. DeFelice, pers. comm., 1999). We treat it here as introduced by ship fouling, and thus unknown in its area of its origin. Oceanapia sp. or Halichondria sp. Cryptogenic = Pellina sitiens of de Laubenfels (1957) [now Halichondria sitiens] = Pellina eusiphona of Bergquist, 1977 [now Oceanapia eusiphonia] De Laubenfels (1957) reported a single colony of a sponge under the name Pellina sitiens (Schmidt, 1870), now placed in Halichondria, “from a concrete dry dock at Pearl Harbor” (collected in 1948) an identification he called “dubious.” Halichondria sitiens is a North Atlantic taxon, and thus a name applied with hesitation to Hawaiian material (M. Kelly-Borges Shanks, pers. comm., 1996). Another species, Pellina eusiphona Ridley, 1884, now placed in the genus Oceanapia, was described from the Indian Ocean and had been recorded by de Laubenfels from the Marshall Islands (de Laubenfels, 1954b). De Laubenfels (1957) noted that the specimen from Pearl Harbor was intermediate between the published descriptions of these two species; Bergquist (1977) placed de Laubenfels’ use of the name (but not the actual species) “sitiens” in the synonymy of P. eusiphona. We consider it cryptogenic. Topsentia dura (Lindgren, 1897) Cryptogenic = Halichondria dura De Laubenfels (1951) reported “with some hesitation” this Indo-Pacific species in 2 m of water in Hilo, based on specimens collected in 1948. R.C. DeFelice (pers. comm., February 1998) reports material collected since 1996 in Pearl Harbor and Hilo.
28 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) Topsentia sp. Cryptogenic Coles et al. (1999a) report this species as a new record for Hawai‘i, based on collections in 1996 from Pearl Harbor. It may be Indo-Pacific in origin (R.C. DeFelice, pers. comm. February 1998). We regard it as cryptogenic. Order Haplosclerida Callyspongiidae Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa (Ridley, 1884) Cryptogenic This Australasian and Indo-Pacific species was collected in 1947 on the dock of Coconut Island, Kāne‘ohe Bay, and also in Waialua Bay (de Laubenfels, 1950) and at Halapē in 1945 and Ka‘alualu in 1948 (de Laubenfels, 1951). Hildemann et al. (1980) noted that it “exists in abundance in large, ramose colonies” in Kāne‘ohe Bay, where it “thrives in shallow water (0.5 to 5 m) exposed to direct sunlight, and exhibits a uniform bright purple pigmentation throughout its soft tissues.” It still occurs in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a). It was collected in Pearl Harbor in 1996 [Coles et al., 1999a; the record therein of a report from Pearl Harbor in 1947 by de Laubenfels (1957) is in error] and in Honolulu Harbor and Kewalo Basin (Coles et al., 1999b) and in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002b). Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen from Coconut Island living in the coral Montipora capitata. We consider it cryptogenic. Chalinidae Haliclona (Soestella) coerulea (Hechtel, 1965) Introduced = Sigmadocia coerulea Coles et al. (1999a) reports this pale blue-green Caribbean species as a new record for Hawai‘i (and thus for the Pacific Ocean), based upon specimens collected in Pearl Harbor in 1996. They note that it “is common on artificial substrates of all harbors on the main Hawaiian Islands and Midway Atoll.” On O‘ahu it occurs in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Honolulu Harbor, Ke‘ehi Lagoon, Kewalo Basin, and Ala Wai Harbor; on Kaua‘i it occurs in Nawiliwili Harbor (DeFelice et al., 2001). DeFelice et al. (2001) note that it is unlikely that de Laubenfels or Bergquist would have overlooked it in earlier surveys, given its abundance in such localities as the floating docks on Coconut Island. It now occurs on pier pilings, floating docks, mangrove roots, and patch reefs and in dredged channels in the Hawaiian Islands. We regard it as introduced. When a dry dock left Pearl Harbor in 1999 for Guam, it sailed with this sponge as well. Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen from Pearl Harbor. Hechtel (1965) reported it as “Common on pilings and mangrove roots on the outside of the Port Royal mangrove thicket,” and also from a “sandy turtle grass bed,” both in Jamaica. In addition to the Caribbean, H. coerulea is also known from the Pacific side of Panama; whether native to the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans remains unknown. Undescribed chalinid Cryptogenic Another cryptogenic chalinid sponge occurs in Ke‘ehi Lagoon (1997) and Ala Wai Harbor (1998) (Coles et al., 1999b: 117), in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a) and in Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002b). Toxiclona sp. Cryptogenic An apparently cryptogenic species of Toxiclona occurs in Honolulu Harbor (Coles et al., 1999b; collections of 1997), in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et al., 2002a), and at Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002b). Niphatidae Gelliodes fibrosa (Wilson, 1925) Introduced Coles et al. (1999a) report this blue-gray Philippine species from Pearl Harbor (1996 collections), as a new state record for Hawai‘i, “abundant on the hull of a floating dry dock [the Machinist] brought from the Philippines in 1992.” It now occurs and is established in Pearl Harbor and Honolulu Harbor
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