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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 23 Parsons & Preskitt (2007) report upon a survey of the epiphytic dinoflagellates from coastal waters on the island of Hawai‘i. Twenty species were reported for the first time from the Islands, but biogeographic relationships of this microflora are insufficiently worked out to determine if any of these species have been introduced. Class Dinophyceae Perkinsidae Perkinsus marinus (Mackin, Owen, Introduced & Collier, 1950) = Dermocystidium marinum; = Labyrinthomyxa marina Kern et al. (1973) reported this well-known endoparasite, popularly known as “Dermo” from Atlantic oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in Pearl Harbor, based upon collections made in July 1972 during and following a mass oyster mortality (see discussion at C. virginica). Ford & Tripp (1996) provide a review of the history and distribution of this lethal, disease-causing organism. It was presumably introduced with other imported oysters from the Atlantic coast of North America. We assume it is still present in the C. virginica population on O‘ahu. CILIOPHORA vorticellidae Zoothamnium sp. or spp. Cryptogenic We interpret the record of Edmondson & Ingram (1939: 256) of unidentified “colonial forms of Infusoria ... [which] may add somewhat to the friction of [the bryozoan] Bugula, to the stems and branches of which they often thickly adhere,” from Kāne‘ohe Bay (1935) likely to be peritrichous ciliates in the genus Zoothamnium. Grovhoug & Rastetter (1980: 257) recorded Zoothamnium sp. from O‘ahu in fouling. Carr (1996) notes records of Zoothamnium sp. (and Epistylis sp.) as ectocommensals of cultured penaeid shrimp. Ship fouling and oyster culture have transported these protists around the world. We regard the one or more species of Zoothamnium, as they occur in harbor fouling communities in Hawai‘i, as cryptogenic. Folliculinidae A number of ”cosmopolitan” fouling taxa of these famous “bottle animacules” are recorded from Kāne‘ohe Bay [summary in Phillips, 1977; earlier works are those of Andrews (1944) and Matthews (1962, 1963, 1964)]. Many of the species with which these folliculinids are associated are recognized as introduced fouling organisms. We regard all of the following as cryptogenic in the Hawaiian biota, as it seems probable that a number of taxa may have found their way to the Islands on sailing vessels, with aquaculture products, and by other means. However, the global biogeography of marine folliculinids is poorly known and precludes any certain conclusions at this time: Halofolliculina annulata (Andrews, 1944) Cryptogenic Parafolliculina violaceae (Giard, 1888) Cryptogenic Metafolliculina nordgardi (Dons, 1924) Cryptogenic Metafolliculina andrewsi (Giard, 1883) Cryptogenic Lagotia viridis Wright, 1858 Cryptogenic Ascobius simplex (Dons, 1917) Cryptogenic Grovhoug& Rastetter (1980) also recorded Parafolliculina violaceae and Metafolliculina andrewsi in 1976–1977 from fouling in Pearl Harbor and Kāne‘ohe Bay. Rastetter & Cooke (1979) recorded folliculinids from Kāne‘ohe Bay (1977–1978). Bailey-Brock (1989) recorded Halofolliculina annulata, Lagotia viridis, and Ascobius simplex on PVC settlement plates on an artificial reef in open waters at 20 m, 2.4 km off the southeast coast of O‘ahu.
24 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) Eufolliculina lignicola (Fauré-Fremiet, 1936) Introduced Matthews (1963) found this wood-associated folliculinid in 1961, “abundant in tracheids [of wood] opened by burrowing gribbles” [limnoriid isopods], probably on Coconut Island in Kāne‘ohe Bay. It likely occurs wherever harbor-dwelling limnoriids are found in Hawai‘i and should be looked for in sites such as Pearl Harbor. Fauré-Fremiet (1936) described this species from the Breton coast of France, originally in the genus Folliculinopsis. A small species (“fully extended its length does not exceed 350 microns”) with a pale blue color, it was associated with “Limnoria lignorum” (at the time the general name for most such wood-boring gribbles) and may be a microhabitat specialist. Fauré- Fremiet noted that “it builds its rudimentary shell in the pitted tracheids which are cut through by the hollowed galleries of these isopods in the pine wood of submerged wrecks” (translated from the French). We regard it as introduced based upon its association with introduced limnoriids. While first described from Europe, its biogeographic origin requires investigation, as it may of course have itself been introduced to the North Atlantic Ocean by shipping from elsewhere. Ectocommensal Protists Folliculinidae Mirofolliculina limnoriae (Giard, 1883) Introduced Matthews (1963) recorded this species on the pleotelson of the isopod (gribble) Paralimnoria andrewsi from samples collected in 1961 probably on Coconut Island in Kāne‘ohe Bay. We regard it as introduced with limnoriids. Its known hosts (both Paralimnoria in Hawai‘i and Limnoria elsewhere) appear to be rooted in the Indo-Pacific, where we regard this commensal to be native as well. Endocommensal Protists Cephaloidophoridae Cephaloidophora communis Mavrodiadi, 1908 Introduced Ball (1950) found this endoparasitic gregarine protozoan in the introduced barnacle Amphibalanus eburneus, presumably from O‘ahu, in 1949. It was found only in this barnacle and not in two other species of Balanus, nor in 30 species of decapods. Ball (1950) notes that this protozoan was previously known from both B. eburneus and other species of Balanus, and that “since B. eburneus has a very wide distribution over the world, the presence of C. communis is not surprising.” We regard it as introduced with A. eburneus. PORIFERA (sponges) Introduced and Cryptogenic Porifera Species Date Vector Native to Introduced Species Suberites aurantiacus 1902 SF Unknown Halichondria melanodocia 1960s [
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