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Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i 25 Introduced and Cryptogenic Porifera (continued) Species Date Vector Native to Callyspongia diffusa 1945 SF Chalinid sp. 1997 SF Toxiclona sp. 1997 SF Biemna sp. 1996 SF Clathria procera 1960s [
26 BISHOP MUSEUM BULLETIN IN CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES 4 (2009) In the following analysis, we treat as introduced or cryptogenic those taxa that appear to be either entirely restricted to, or primarily found in, the float-fouling communities of harbors, suggesting that they owe or may owe their presence in the islands to ship-borne introduction. For nomenclature and systematics, we follow the World Porifera Database at: http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/ porifera/ [accessed December 2007]. Class Demospongiae Order Hadromerida Clionidae Cliona sp. or Pione sp. Cryptogenic = Cliona vastifica of de Laubenfels, 1950 and of Bergquist, 1977 De Laubenfels (1950), under the name of the North Atlantic species Cliona vastifica Hancock, 1849 (now Pione vastifica) recorded this boring sponge, based on 1947 collections, from Waialua Bay (northwest of Kāne‘ohe Bay) noting it was “common throughout the shallow waters of Hawaii but is always inconspicuous. If one breaks up almost any long-submerged calcareous material, such as shells or dead coral, one will find this boring sponge. It is very common throughout Kaneohe Bay.” De Laubenfels further noted that “It is an abundant species throughout the Old World, but quite uncommon (although present) in the New World....... Is vastifica perhaps a recent immigrant to North America, carried by barnacles on ship bottoms? Did it reach Hawaii in that same way too?.” Bergquist (1977) lists this as the only Cliona in Hawai‘i. Coles et al. (1999a) report it in 1996 collections from Pearl Harbor. It seems possible that the Clionidae in Hawai‘i may include both indigenous open-coast and coral reef taxa, as well as introduced species brought to the Islands by ships (as de Laubenfels suggests) and through commercial oyster culture (as discussed for Cliona in general by Carlton, 1979a). We treat harbor- and bay-dwelling species as cryptogenic. Tethyidae Tethya ornata Sarà, Bavestrello & Calcinai, 2000 Cryptogenic While we suspect that this species will eventually prove to be an introduction, we conservatively treat it here as cryptogenic, pending further knowledge of its distribution and phylogenetic relationships with other Tethya species. Sara et al. (2000) have described this sponge as a new species from a floating dock in Kāne‘ohe Bay, at Coconut Island, collected in 1985 by Peter Karuso. It remains unknown from elsewhere, but we predict it will be found to be an Indo-Pacific species. We consider it a probable ship-fouling introduction. It may occur in Pearl Harbor, Ke‘ehi Lagoon (Honolulu Harbor), and similar locations as well. Suberitidae Suberites aurantiacus (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Introduced = Suberites zeteki (de Laubenfels, 1936), described from Florida = Terpios zeteki This species appears in the Hawaiian literature as either Terpios zeteki or Suberites zeteki. De Laubenfels (1950,1951) recorded it from Kāne‘ohe Bay on O‘ahu (1947) and from Ka‘alualu and Honaunau, Island of Hawai‘i. De Laubefels (1954a) further recorded it growing in tanks in the Honolulu Aquarium, and in 1957 reported it from Waialua Bay (1947) and Ulumoku Pond in West Loch, Pearl Harbor (1947) and from boat fouling in Pearl Harbor. DeFelice et al. (2001) note that it is in all leeward harbors on O‘ahu and in Kāne‘ohe Bay, and in Nawiliwili Boat Harbor on Kaua‘i, nothing that it is “common as fouling in harbors, especially those with some estuarine conditions, and in Kāne‘ohe Bay, primarily on floating docks, dock pilings and mangrove roots, also on hulls of ships.” Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen from Pearl Harbor. Coles et al. (1999b) report it from Ke‘ehi Lagoon (1988), Honolulu Harbor, and Ala Wai Harbor. De Laubenfels (1950, page 4) appears to refer to this species as one of the two Panamanian forms that “conceivably may have been brought to Hawaii on ship bottoms ... . Conversely, they may
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