bishop museum bulletins in cultural and environmental studies

Carlton & Eldredge — Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai‘i
29
on O‘ahu, apparently as a direct result of this introduction from the Philippines, on Maui (Kahului
Harbor) and on Kaua‘i (Nawiliwili Harbor) (DeFelice et al., 2001), as well as in Kāne‘ohe Bay
(Coles et al., 2002a) and Waikīkī (Coles et al., 2002b). Coles et al. (1999b) also list it from Ke‘ehi
Lagoon, Ala Wai Harbor, Barbers Point Harbor, and Kewalo Basin, while Coles et al. (2004) report
it from Kawaihae and Hilo Harbors, Hawai‘i.
It is “mainly restricted to shallow-water fouling communities (i.e., pier pilings, floating docks)
of the major harbors or associated disturbed habitats (i.e., dredged channels and artificial lagoons)...
(and is) found on patch reefs… typically found encrusting the shaded underside of plate corals” in
Kāne‘ohe Bay (DeFelice et al., 2001).
Order Poecilosclerida
Desmacellidae
Biemna sp.
Cryptogenic
Coles et al. (1997, 1999a) report this species (as B. fistulosa Topent, 1897) as a new record for
Hawai‘i, based on collections in 1996 from Pearl Harbor. It is also found in Kāne‘ohe Bay (Coles et
al., 2002a). Hoover (1998, 2006) illustrates a specimen from Magic Island, O‘ahu, at 3 m depth.
Coles et al. (1999b) report it from Honolulu Harbor, Ke‘ehi Lagoon, and Ala Wai Harbor.
It appears to be similar to a species known from Zanzibar and the west central Pacific (Coles et
al., 2002a; M. Kelly-Borges Shanks & R.C. DeFelice, pers. comm.). We regard it as cryptogenic.
Microcionidae
Clathria (Thalysias) procera of Bergquist, 1967 Cryptogenic
Bergquist (1967) recorded Clathria procera (Ridley, 1884), a widespread species occurring from the
Red Sea to the Indo-Pacific (Hooper, 1996) from Kāne‘ohe Bay, based on material collected in the
1960s. We treat it as cryptogenic.
Mycalidae
Mycale (Carmia) cecilia de Laubenfels, 1936
Introduced
= Mycale maunakea de Laubenfels, 1951, synonymy fide Bergquist (1967, as M. manaukea).
De Laubenfels (1950) noted that this Mycale was “very common in Hawaii, widely scattered in shallow
water locations. Its greatest abundance, however, seems to be in Honolulu Harbor and in Pearl
Harbor” (collections of 1947). He further noted that it “... conceivably may have been brought to
Hawaii on ship bottoms... Conversely, they may have been taken to Panama from Hawaii.” De
Laubenfels offered reasons to doubt this initial identification, but it is accepted by Bergquist (1967),
who found it at the floating pier at Coconut Island in Pearl Harbor and who considered it introduced.
De Laubenfels (1957) noted that Mycale cecilia occurred in Honolulu Harbor in December 1947 “on
nearly every piling;” he further recorded it from Ulumoku Pond in the West Loch of Pearl Harbor
(1947), and from barge bottoms in Pearl Harbor. Evans et al. (1972) recorded a Mycale sp. from
Pearl Harbor (1971). Coles et al. (1999a) report it from Pearl Harbor (1996 collections), and note
that it (along with Suberites aurantiacus) was “so abundant at the power station outfall in East Loch
that they form a virtual sponge reef.”
It also occurs in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Honolulu Harbor, Ke‘ehi Lagoon, Ala Wai Harbor, Barbers
Point Harbor, Kewalo Basin, Kaua‘i, and Maui (Coles et al., 1999b, 2002a, 2006). A Caribbean
species (Coles et al., 2002a), we regard it as introduced. Young (1967, as Mycale maunakea) noted
that the native nudibranch Chromodoris aspersa feeds upon this species in Hawai‘i.
Mycale (Mycale) grandis Gray, 1867
Introduced
= Mycale (Aegogropila) armata Thiel, 1903
Coles et al. (1999a) report this bright red-orange species (as M. armata) as a new record for Hawai‘i,
based on collections in 1996 from Pearl Harbor. It is now known from a number of stations around
O‘ahu (Pearl Harbor, Honolulu Harbor, Ke‘ehi Lagoon, Barbers Point Harbor, and Kāne‘ohe Bay) and
on Maui at Kahului Harbor (DeFelice et al., 2001). It occurs on pier pilings, floating docks, dredged